Gi Fi Or Gigabit Wireless

Gi Fi Or Gigabit Wire slightGi-Fi provide helps to advertise radio set communications to instantaneous drive. For many years cables ru take the world. ocular fibers played a dominant role for its racy-pitcheder bit order and faster transmission. But the installation of cables caused a greater difficulty and then led to radio gate. The foremost of this is Bluetooth which foundation cover 9-10mts. Wi-Fi fol depresseded it having coverage flying field of 91mts. No doubt, introduction of Wi-Fi wireless nets has proved a revolutionary consequence to last mile problem. However, the standards original limitations for entropy exchange rate and chain, round of channels, eminent cost of the infrastructure attain not yet do it possible for Wi-Fi to become a total threat to cellular networks on the one hand, and hard-wire networks, on the other. But the mans continuous quest for even soften engine room despite the substantial advantages of dedicate technologies led to the introduction of new, more(prenominal) up-to-date standards for entropy exchange rate i.e., Gi-Fi.Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the worlds prime(prenominal) transceiver combine on a single chip that operates at 60 gigacycle on the CMOS process. It will al broken in wireless canalize of audio and video information up to 5gigabits per flash, ten quantify the current maximum wireless exaltation rate, at one-tenth of the cost, usually at bottom a range of 10 meters. It utilizes a 5mm square chip and a 1mm big antenna fervent less than 2watts of power to transmit data wirelessly over short distances, frequently like Bluetooth.The development will enable the truly wireless place and radix of the future. As the integrated transceiver is extremely belittled, it can be introduce into devices. The breakthrough will mean the networking of office and home equipment without wires will in conclusion become a reality. In this we present a low cost, low power and high broad solidif ying chip, which will be vital in enabling the digital economy of the future.INTRODUCTIONWi-Fi (IEEE-802.11b) and Wi-Max (IEEE-802.16e) have captured our attention, as at that place are no recent developments in the above technologies which cannot transfer data and video knowledge at a faster rate and led to the introduction of Gi-fi engineering. It offers some advantages over Wi-Fi, a similar wireless technology, that offers faster information rate in Gbps less power consumption and low cost for short range transmissions.Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the worlds first transceiver integrated on a single chip in which a small antenna used and both transmitter- receiver are integrated on a single chip which is fabricated using the complementary metallic element oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. Because of Gi-Fi transfer of large videos, files can be done at bottom minuteonds.Researchers of Melbourne University has come up with a wireless technology which promises high quicken sho rt range data transfers with a revivify of up to 5Gbps within a radius of 10 meters. The new wireless technology is named as Gi-Fi and operates on the 60GHz frequency band, which is currently mostly unused. The Gi-Fi Chip developed by the Australian researchers measures 5mm square and is manufactured using existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the aforementioned(prenominal) system that is currently used to print silicon chips.The best range about this new technology is its cost effectiveness and power consumption, it consumes sole(prenominal) 2watts of power for its operation with antenna (1mm) included and the development of Gi-Fi chip be approximately $10( Rs 380) to manufacture.In theory this technology would transfers GBs of your favorite high interpretation movies in seconds. So Gi-Fi can be considered as a competitor to Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi and could find applications ranging from new mobile resounds to consumer electronics.REASONS FOR OPTING GI-FI The reason for pushing into Gi-Fi technology is because of slow rate, high power consumption, low range of frequency trading operations of earlier technologies i.e. BluetoothGI-FIGi-Fi or gigabit wireless is the worlds first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at 60GHz on the cmos process. It will sanction wirelesss transfer of audio and video data at up to 5gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the cost. NICTA researchers have chosen to develop this technology in the 57-64GHz unlicensed frequency band as the millimetre-wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component on-chip integration as well as allowing for the integration of really small high produce arrays. The available 7GHz of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to users within an indoor environment, usually within a range of 10 metres .It satisfies the standards of IEEE 802.15.3C .The Gi-Fi int egrated wireless transceiver chip developed at the field of study ICT Research Centre, AustraliaA new silicon chip developed in Melbourne is predicted to revolutionize the way household gadgets like televisions, phones and DVD players talk to each(prenominal) other. The tiny five-mm-a-side chip can transmit data through a wireless connection at a breakthrough five gigabits per second over distances of up to 10 meters. An entire high-definition movie could be patrimonial to a mobile phone in a few seconds, and the phone could then upload the movie to a home computer or screen at the same speed. The Gi-Fi was unveiled today at the Melbourne University-based laboratories of NICTA, the issue information and communications technology research centre.Short-range wireless technology is a hotly contested area, with research teams around the world bucket along to be the first to launch such a product. Professor Skafiadas verbalise his team was the first to demonstrate a working transce iver-on-a-chip that uses CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology the cheap, omnipresent technique that prints silicon chips.This means his team is ahead and stood in front end of the competition in terms of price and power demand. His chip uses entirely a tiny one-millimeter-wide antenna and less than two watts of power, and would cost less than $10 to manufacture.Chip of Gi-FiThe chip shown in the above fleshure uses the 60GHz millimeter wave spectrum to transmit the data, which gives an advantage over Wi-Fi (wireless internet). Wi-Fis part of the spectrum is increasingly crowded, share-out the waves with devices such as cordless phones, which leads to interference and slower speeds. But the millimeter wave spectrum (30 to 300 GHz) is almost unoccupied, and the new chip is potentially hundreds of times faster than the average home Wi-Fi unit. However, Wi-Fi still benefits from being able to depart wireless coverage over a greater distanceTECHNOLOGIES utiliz eThis mmWave WPAN will operate in the new and clear band including 57-64 GHz unlicensed band defined by FCC 47 CFR 15.255. The millimeter-wave WPAN will allow high coexistence (close physical spacing) with all other microwave systems in the 802.15 family of WPANs. two Technologies that help realize GWLAN are,Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)System-On-a-Package(SOP)APPLICATIONS in that location are many usage scenarios that can be addressed by Gi-Fi. The following are some applications of Gi-Fi .Gi-Fi access devicesGi-Fi access devicesSome of the Gi-Fi access devices are shown in fig.These access devices include termination units, internal radiocommunication modules, network interface cards ,printers, PCs,and all household electronic appliances. broadcast medium video signal transmission system in sports stadium broadcast video signalsEasy and immediate construction of temporal broadband network such as in sports stadium for the advertisement of information scattering can be possible as shown in fig business appliancesOffice appliancesAs gi-fi data transfer rate is very high we can transfer data at very high speed in offices as shown in fig 7.0.3 which made work very easy and it also provides high quality of information from the internet.Video information transferVideo information transferBy using present technologies video swapping takes hours of time where as with this technology as shown in fig 7.0.4 we can transfer data at a speed of giga bits/sec same as that for the transfer of information from a PC to a mobile and vice-versa.FUTURE SCOPEAs the integrated transceiver is extremely small, it can be embedded into devices. The breakthrough will mean the networking of office and home equipment without wires will finally become a reality. The Gi-Fi integrated transceiver chip may be launched by the starting of next year by NICTA. collectible to the less cost of chip so many companies are attack forward to launch the chip. The potential of mmwave ran ge for ultra fast data exchange has prompted many companies like intel, LG, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony Toshiba to form wireless HD. Specifically wireless HD has a stated goal of enabling wireless connectivity for streaming high definition content between source devices and high definition devices. certaintyWithin five years, we expect Gi-Fi to be the dominant technology for wireless networking. By that time it will be to provide services with low-cost, high broadband access, and with very high speed large files swapped within seconds which will develop wireless home and office of future. If the success of Wi-Fi and the imminent wide usage of WiMAX is any indication, Gi-Fi potentially can bring wireless broadband to the enterprise in an entirely new way.

Contribution Of Women In Handicrafts In Lahore Cultural Studies Essay

Contri notwithstandingion Of Women In Handi guiles In Lahore Cultural Studies EssayThe establish study is about the contribution of women in arts. The current theme of look for regarding gene prizei deceitfulnesss is to find out the type of embroidery bring forth way that women do in their houses and in exchangeable manner the problems and benefits they describe from their skills. While there is a lot of look be amazeed on this topic but there is a baseball mittle of attention on those women and their contribution in handicrafts (embroidery). This study would add a knowledge and information to the existing wholeness. Moreover in Pakistan this blend is hope slight without womens contribution. So, it would as come up as help us to understand the women problems regarding their piece of practises.HandicraftsHandicrafts be items gravel by hand, often with the use of tools, and atomic number 18 gener bothy artistic and traditional in nature. They include objects of utility and objects of decoration. (Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999).Handicrafts atomic number 18 the things that be produce apprehendly by hand or with the help of tool. They besides cognize as craft work in which useful and decorative things atomic number 18 use to complete it. Generally the term is used to traditional way of making things. Handicrafts argon unique ideas that represent a shade and tradition of a state of matter and it is intimately important in name of economic development.Handicrafts be the reflect of culture, tradition and the beauty of this work is depend upon the aesthetic esthesis of the workers and desirewise on the quality of substantive and touch of art. Pakistan has a rich storey of handicrafts. The greate workers of Pakistan accommodate greate skills to show their care in craftsmanship and Pakistani culture promises everything beauty,dignity,form and style. (Shaukat, 2006)Handicrafts are as most important symbol in terms of economic development.For the long time period home base work has helped men and women both an economically.In now a daylights this market get progress and became internationalized but men get to a greater extent(prenominal) benefits then women due to that freedom that they have to move whatsoeverwere in profitable areas and the adaptation of these workers into unstructured domain have made women more insecure and lead them to the explotation of their skills.in recentl. (Gyanendra Dastidar, 2000)The facts is that more wealthy countries have less informal parsimony but underdeveloped countries more expansive one. Denmark has 18 per cent, Nigeria and Thailand 80 per cent informal parsimony and there is nonhing insulting to admit the fact that Pakistan has an informal economy of about 70 per cent.(Bhatti, 2002)Types of handicraftsHandicrafts involve the divergent types of creation including clothing, religious symbols and jewelry, and different types of paper crafts. ( Malcolm Tatum, 2003) in that location are hundreds if not thousands of different varieties of handicrafts. The following leaning of crafts is included just for descriptive purposes.The Handicrafts manifested through Brass, onyx and wood, are known to insist a proud tradition of handicrafts since 1994 in Pakistan and truly signifying the worth of the products. The art of carving on Metal Wood items are the real beauties of our unstated working Craftsmen. These items are counterbalanced in small villages by hardwork craftsman, and brush aside easily be purchased in big cities. Such crafts include, metal lanterns, reverbe govern frames, decoration pieces and more. (Shaukat, 2006)3. PotteryThe potter at his wheel is a car park scene in every village, uninfluenced by modern glamour. Bahawalpur, Rawalpindi, Gujrat and places more or less also produce colorful pottery, painted after firing. pottery of Multan is welknown from dates corroborate to the 13th deoxycytidine monophosp hate with obvious traces for woodwork. Chiniot is also known for woodwork. Copper and presidency work is done within the walled city of Lahore.Ceramics and glazed pottery are the oldest art in Pakistan, dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization (2500 B.C.E.). nigh(prenominal) popular techniques are used to dercorate the pottery and popular technique is to gain blue designs over black-and-blue glazes. Pakistani potters are welknown for making the perplex tiles that decorate mosques and public buildings. (Shaukat, 2006)4. WoodcraftsWood-carving, Woosd-turning, Cabinet making, Furniture making, lacquerware include in woodcrafts. Pakistani furniture is known all over the world for its beautiful designs and the asthetic sense of the worker. One of the okay longitudinal cross grains solid wood is known as Rosewood. It is available in the northern areas of Pakistan. In Asia this wood is scarcely available in Pakistan. In local language popu late(a) calls it SHESHAM. It is also available along the lakes and rivers in Punjab province of Pakistan. Such furniture is renowned all over the world for its beauty. (Shaukat, 2006)5. Jewelry Leather goodsMetalwork, including inlaid or engraved swords, boxes, dishes, and tea sets made from silver and gold, as well as jewelry with precious stones and pearls, are important crafts. Jewelry is not particular to necklaces, bracelets, rings but also includes hair and forehead decorations and nose ornaments. Leatherwork and basketry are also important crafts. Sindh baskets are colorful and intricate, while weavers in the nor-west Frontier prefer geometric patterns. (Shaukat, 2006)Embroidersy embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating cloth or other materials with needle and puff or woolen.Workers also enhance its beauty with uses of other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Embroidery is an ancient textile art which uses strands of embroidery floss or wool to create a picture in t hread on canvas, linen or other cloth. It forms a part of needlework. Embroidery uses variant stitches and combinations of stitches. all(prenominal) embroidery stitch has a special name to help disclose it.Embroidery has recognized as a creative expression of people and it is storage of our oral traditions which have been of importtained by the women. (Dhamija, 2004)Embroidered textiles are frequently used to decorate living spaces, temporary or permanent, impressive or modest depend upon choise and the sense of owner.Historically, embroidered textiles shows the wealthy and influence touch of rulers, courtiers, and courtesans. Among due south Asias umteen peoples are identified by this textiles frequently, personal status or religious affiliation. (Dale Carolyn Gluckman, 2007)The folk embroidery tradition runs deep in the Punjab. At the end of the 15th century, the effectuateer of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak, wrote Thou art not a worthwhile cleaning lady until thou hast e mbroidered thy own blouse. Village women assuage practice the craft, also stitching bed and cushion covers and a contour of other cloths, but the art probably reached its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (Beste, Michael, 2009)Types of embroiderythither are many different styles of embroidery, often with regional variations.Chikan embroideryChikan embroidery is a attractive needle-craft done by hand in general using white thread on a variety of frameworks from cotton and silk to synthetics. It is the most famous handsome art of embroidery at word level, and is famous not and in India, but also abroad. (Sarna Shukla, 1994)Zari embroideriesFrom the second half of 18th century until the early 20th century, two different types of gold embroidery found ready patrons these were zardozi work, heavy silver-gilt thread work upon a foundation overstate with cotton thread or paper, on velvet or sation landed estate and Kalabattu work light delicate embroidery, in gilt-si lver or silver threads, strips of gilt-silver, gilt-silver sequins, upon fine silk cotton or muslin. (Dhamija, 2004)White workWhite work is embroidered in white thread, on pure white fabric, it is not at all difficult, and is cheap to achieve. The tools you result need for white work embroidery are minimal. Firstly, a nice piece of fabric. Depending on the kind of item you wish to produce, you may start out with high thread count white muslin, or an even weave or linen.Appliqu workAppliqu work is every kind of embroidery which, being worked solidly on one material is then cut out and lay down upon another, and secured by various ornamental stitches. (Dhamija, 2004)China workThis work was almost entirely Chinese in design and techniques. It was done on saries, shawls, borders, children dresses and a variety of costumes. The fabric used was mainly chines silk or fine satin of red, purple and black colour. The embroidery was done sometimes with floss-silk and more often with tightly spun, two bleed silk. (Dhamija, 2004)PhulkariThe simple and sparsely embroided work for everyday use was called phulkari. It was done on odhnis or shawls for everyday use on coarse handspun khadi cloth, mostly brownish-red, usng floss-silk in darning stitched worked from the reverse side of fabric. (Dhamija, 2004)Kashmir embroideryThe main varieties of Kashmir being namda, work on felt-wool, gabba, a type of appliqu work, using waste woolen fabrics and kashida wrought on various kinds of clothing and the cloth used is either silk or wool. (Dhamija, 2004)Role of women in handicraftsHome based workers are the most marginalized and one of the largest groups of workers in this celestial sphere, with an estimated 300 million workers worldwide. Home based work has been identified as work that is undertaken in the home. They are predominately women, located in various occupations including the assembly of electronic components of fans, washing machines, irons, or the manufacture of gla ss bangles, items of pottery small scale packaging and assembling of consumables, hand knitting, embroidery, stitching, handicrafts, garments and weaving of carpets and shawls. It also includes clerical and teaching homework and the supply of unsanded materials. (Carr, Chen Tate, 2000)According to World Bank report after agriculture, the most important source of womens meshing is home-based work. (Aurat publication, 1997)The statistics on the informal economy are unreliable, The number of women in the informal labour force possibly stands at 12.79 millions, of whom 8.52 million women, constituting 75 per cent of the total informal sector workers, were home-based workers.(Aurat publication, 1997)A survey of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) conducted in 2003 shows that 77 part of the total female labor force haps within the horizon of the informal sector, while 53 percent are classified as home based workers. They also told that most of working women have to hand over their earnings to their parents or husbands.During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries women produced and consumed the crafts for the domestic interior. They made crafts at various levels in society and having different motives. At one level, it may have been artistic self-expression at another level to stake financial necessity, or on a third level it may have been for pastime. (Edward, 2006)Informal Economy comprises of small enterprises of one or more persons, with casual or regular employees of less than 10 people. The workers in this sector fall into the following three categoriesSelf-employed womenHome-based workersSelf-employed womenA woman who is self-employed works for herself instead of as an employee of another person or organization, d stark nakeding income from a trade or business. Self-employed workers are remunerative directly by clients or by their business, and some proportion of these payments will be due to the government as income tax. (Haq, 20 03)Home-based workersHome based women workers fall into two categories (i) dependent workers who work on a piece rate and unremarkably work for middle persons in a contract kitchen range and (ii) independent home based workers or own-account workers who produce goods for direct barter through street stalls, shops or the local village and sometimes to traders or subcontractors. (Haq, 2003)In the last ten years women have become more energetic in business and the private sector. Their participation found in many areas, in which small scale projects as well as large scale private projects are included. Small scale clownish projects turns into larg scale private projects. There are a lot of networks which have been established for the women in business. It also empowers the women of a home-base producer or in private sector. (Brouwer, Harris Tanaka, 1998)The unplanned home-based workers represent an important part of working population. There are large number of income producing ac tivities are included in home-based sector in which mostly women workers are engaged. From embroidery to food processing and from craft to coir work are included in these activities. Both in country-bred and urban areas, there is given very little importance to this nonunionised sector and it is due to the workers condition the working conditions are unspeakable, the wages are extremely low and workers face great worries and exploitations. Home based industrial work is one of the least regulated, least managed, and most risky systems of industrial performance however a large number of women workers are degenerate in this sector just because of lack of personal resources, like gentility and awareness, non-availability of employment opportunities, and normative practices which control womens mobility outside home. (Sarna Shukla, 1994)Liberalisation has improved the employment opportunities for women in some sectors especially in the crafts sector. So there are increased the numb er of women in participation of home-base craft sector like in embroidery, lace making, weaving and printed textiles. In some cases empowerment of women also increases but in most cases, the working condition of the women workers is poor and they are paid less than men. (Krishnaraj, 1992 cited by Rao, 2005)Women have a great work load in their lives they have a double burden, to earn income from their work and also have to fulfill their sign responsibilities. They laboring the whole day generally they work 12 to 16 hours per day and losing their health and brawn both. (Durand, 1975 cited by coupled Nations Economic and social commission for Asia and the pacific, 1987)Being a embroidery skilled worker, their work requires women to sit long hours in the comparable restless position and sometime they have to ignore there household duties that resulting in tension, qurels and a lot of deases like eye, back bone, shoulders as well as other mental and emotional problems depending upon the physical environment in which these women live and work. (Sarna Shukla, 1994)Wage discrimination is obvious and usually common against women in Asia. Wage rates are as low as third or it may be observed that women always paid less of those paid to men. In Jobs also, there are described carefully to steal the labour practices involved female positions typically require few skills and give poor salary. ( join Nations Economic and social commission for Asia and the pacific, 1987)In handicrafts the embroidery work is a traditional art but many women faced some difficulty of marketing their skill. Generally simple embroidery piece do not have sale value except it is the part of feed items.And if the women contect the shop keeper or designers she may sale her prodect but beang a women she is restricted to go outside .so, she have only when those customers to know them personally. (Gyanendra Dastidar, 2000)by and large the womens work is under-reported in Pakistan. Purdah is the m ain reason that stops any direct communication between the enumerator and the female respondent. The household head, usually a male, reports any female activity. Because purdah is a status representation, link with material well-being, and womens work is frowned upon, it is expected that female labour is under-reported. (Whyte, 1982 cited by United Nations Economic and social commission for Asia and the pacific, 1987)In some traditional industries like jute and cotton textile, mechanization has contributed in the rejection of female employment. Women represent 90 percent of the workers in these industries such as the making of embroidery. only if intermediaries and middlemen who provide the raw materials and market the final product, make them hard exploited by only paying the women minimal wages. (Bhatty n.d. Indian Council of Social Science Research, 1975 cited by United Nations Economic and social commission for Asia and the pacific, 1987)Crafts production is culturally recogn ized activity. The skills present in the economic sector and many women adopt and practice it. But they dont get to recognition and value not in the economy and not in the household level. They dont have any financial records, on second-rate it accounts for less than 1% of a households income. This is not much to lead toward progress. There are too much women who participate in home-craft production but they just have little impact on it.womens are badly exploted by the men even they work for batterly then men. (Freedman Wai, 1988) sNGOs should help the home based women workers in the shape groups. Those groups should supply raw materials, make sure appropriate and timely payments, arrange for the credit and support in design development. (Ministry of Labour, 2000).This is the need of hour to arrange female workers into cooperatives and other organizations where production and marketing are included, and it should sported by the government to stop this high rate of women exploitat ion. (United Nations Economic and social commission for Asia and the pacific, 1987)

Environmental Studies Essays Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development

Environmental Studies Essays Environmental Protection and sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Protection and Sustainable DevelopmentA minor manufacturing company is keen to promote its activitiesas being sustainable. As part of this process, the vigilance has decided toimplement an EMS with a view to obtaining ISO 14001 certification. Withspecific reference to issues that atomic number 18 likely to be germane(predicate) to a pifflingmanufacturing company, discuss the role of the environmental focussing toolswe considered in workbook 2 and explain how these environmental attentiontools ar inter link in call of both data inputs/outputs and methodologies.Also, describe to what extent the EMS and the use of management tools could beseen as contributing to sustainable developments.Interest in environmental protection and sustainable development has beenincreasing year by year. To meet the challenges, an Environmental ManagementSystem (EMS) is implemented. An EMS is a perennia l cycle of planning,implementing, refreshening and improving the processes and actions that an governance undertakes to meet its environmental responsibilitys. The worlds firststandard for environmental management systems (EMS) BS 7750 was positive andpublished by the British Standards Institution (BSI) in 1992.This later vex the basis for the ISO 14000, which was developed by the foreign Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). In 1996, ISO 14001 which leavenes the requirements for an EMS was finalised. Implementation of an EMS tush improve environmental executing, reduced li powerfulness, competitive advantage, reduced damages, fewer accidents, employee involvement, compliance performance, enhance management confidence, increase efficiency, improve frequent image, enhance customer trust, meet customer requirements and growth management.Thekey to effective environmental management is the use of a systematic approachto planning, controlling, measuring and improving an orga nisationsenvironmental performance. car park aspects of an EMS ar environmental policy,adequate resources, responsibilities and authorities, train, system support, operational controls, document control, system analyses andmanagement review. Most EMS models are based on the concept of Plan, Do,Check, Act model introduced by Shewart and Deming which emphasises the conceptof continual amelioration.Someof the important EMS elements in common EMS models are discussed in detail.Most of the EMS components are inter-related (given in fig 1). The firstelement is the environmental policy, which is the top managementsdeclaration of its commitment to the environment. The environmental policy servesas a foundation and vision of environmental concern by the entire organisation.The policy should relate to the companys products and services, be simple,understandable, and explicit enough to be audited. The policy is relevant tocontinual improvement, pollution prevention and compliance with re levant lawsand regulations.Thesecond element is the identification of environmental aspects which arethe organisations activities, products, or services that can interact with theenvironment. These environmental aspects , which are called as significantenvironmental aspects, determine the environment objectives to beestablished and operational controls and actions defined later. Theenvironmental aspects are essential to establish positive impacts on thebottom line and providing environmental improvements.Legal and different requirements of the EMS whitethorn include federalrequirements, state and local requirements, standards in locations in which thecompanys products/services are sold and permit conditions. These requirementsshould be factored into the organisations management efforts to avoidpotential costs as non-compliance can cause possible damage to the environment,revenue loss and impact on exoteric image.Objectives and targets establish environmental goals for theorganisat ion in line with company policy, environmental policy, environmentalimpacts, the views of concerned parties and other factors. This is essentialto help an organisation translate purpose into action. Various EMS implementationprojects for small and medium-sized companies indicate that it is best to startwith a limited number of objectives and expand the victuals down over time. Measurementof progress of achieving targets should be determined.An Environmental Management Program is developed byplanning to achieve objectives. Targets should be set by definingresponsibilities for achieving goals and means and time mannequin for achievingthem. Therefore, an Environmental Management Program acts as a road affair/actionplan for achieving environmental goals. Re-evaluation of the action plan andfocus in continual improvement should be made.Structureand responsibility defines effective roles and responsibilities and ensuresthat the top management provide resources including human resource s,specialised skills, technology, and financial resources. Small and medium-sizedorganisations may have advantages over large ones in structuring theirresources for environmental management as resource being limited people haveexperience in performing multiple functions. Structure and responsibility is required for an EMS to live up to its all-embracing potential.Training,awareness and competency are important for awareness, motivation,commitment, skills/capability, compliance and performance as all employee canhave potential impacts on the environment by generating good ideas forimprovement. Training should be conducted and tracked and its effectiveness estimated.Establishment of internal and outside communications onenvironmental management issues for neighbours, federation groups, otherinterest groups, local officials, regulatory agencies and emergency respondersshould be effected to maintain the attend of useful and required knowledge.Effective communication can help to m otivate workforce, sack acceptance for thecompanys plans and efforts, explain the companys environmental policy, ensureunderstanding of roles and expectations, demonstrate management commitment,monitor and approximate performance and pick up potential system improvements.EMSdocumentation by maintaining information on EMS and related documentsshould be done to provide adequate information to the people twisty in thesetting up of the EMS and also to external parties like customers, regulators,lending institutions, registrars and the public for wagerer understanding.Documentcontrol is a mechanism providing up-to-date procedures, instructions andother documents to ensure effective management of procedures and other systemdocuments . It ensures that people are consistently performing in the rightway. It is associate with EMS documentation, operational control and records.Operationalcontrol is effected by identifying, planning and managing operations andactivities in line with compa ny policy, objectives and targets which include authenticated procedures to manage environmental policy, significant environmentalaspects, objectives and targets and sound and other requirements. It ensuresthat the commitments of the environmental policy is satisfied and preventdeviations from the policy. Operational control is also needed to managesignificant aspects or legal requirements.Emergency preparedness and response is to be maintain to reduceinjuries, prevent or minimize environmental impacts, protect employees andneighbours, reduce addition losses and minimize downtime. It serves as a tool todetermine whether more training and revision of emergency plans and proceduresis needed.Monitoringand measurement of key activities and performance is essential to evaluateenvironmental performance, canvas root causes of problems, assess compliancewith legal requirements, identify areas requiring corrective action, improveperformance and increase efficiency. In general, is serves as an assessment ofhow well the system is performing and helps to manage the organisation better.Monitoring is done effectively when current and reliable data is available byproper EMS documentation and Document control.Non-conformance and corrective and preventive action is essentialto identify and investigate problems, identify root causes, identify andimplement corrective and preventive actions and make sure actions are trackedand their effectiveness verified. Most EMS problems are identified by internalauditors by accessing information from operation control and monitoring andmeasurement.Records are essential to demonstrate the unquestionable implementation ofthe EMS designed. Records have value internally as well as over time when thereis a need to provide evidence to external parties such as customers, aregistrar or the public. Accurate records is also essential for a system tooperate consistently. Virtually every element of the EMS can result in thegeneration of records as it is inter-linked.An EMS audit is a systematic and documented verification processof objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence to confirm whether anorganisations environmental management system conforms to the environmentalmanagement system audit criteria set by the organisation. In a smallerorganisation, periodic audits can be particularly valuable as managers close tothe work may non often see the problems or insufficient procedures that have beendeveloped.Management review is the key to continual improvement and forensuring that the EMS will continue to meet the organisations necessitate over time.They also offer a great opportunity to keep the EMS efficient and costeffective. Smaller organisations often favour employee experience over writtenprocedures and documented systems. However, personnel turnover withoutdocumented systems can stall progress. On establishment of an EMS, it isessential to evaluate how useful it is to relate to the companys policytowards sustainable deve lopment.For any company, economic growth has been considered as a major indicatorof a healthy society, but lately, the environmental cost has been recognised bythe society. So there is a need to develop sustainable development a meansof satisfying present needs without compromising the ability of the futuregenerations to meet theirs. The implementation of sustainable managementinitiatives has been mainly a reaction to environmental pressures, legalobligations, risk management, customer demands and competition. This has leadto a change in the stakeholders interpretation of sustainable developmentthrough constraints of politics, economics, science, culture and religion.The intent of an EMS is to facilitate a voluntary implementation of aneffective management system for both sound environmental performance and alsoparticipation in environmental schemes. The design principle of an EMS is notto be a regulatory device as such, but as a regulatory device with the objectiveof sustainable de velopment. To evaluate their role in sustainable development,in their current form, EMS only functions for continual improvement onenvironmental objectives and targets after considering regulations, effects ofthe products on the environment, organisational goals and views of concernedparties.Implementing an EMS does not alter the basic obligation to comply with applicable requirements or the requirements themselves. Through compliance, they provide ways to make achievement of that end more sustainable and predictable. So EMS has emerged as a important tool in improving performance above legal minimums and widely accepted.References.Cascio, J.,Woodside, G and Mitchell, P. (1996) ISO 14000 A guide to the New InternationalEnvironmental Standards. New York McGraw-Hill Education.Hillary (1994)The Eco-Management and analyze Scheme A Practical Guide. UK Stanley Thornes(Publishers) Ltd.IAS (1991)International Accounting Standards (2nd Edition). Vol I II.IAS No 1-31. Copenhagen FSRs Forlag .International Network for Environmental Management. (2004) YourEnvironmental Management Tool Box, INEM. http//www.inem.org/htdocs/inem_tools.htmlAnchor-ISO-1148112/08/2005.Netrags. (2005)Environmental Management Systems, Netrags. http//www.environment-agency.gov.uk/netregs/275207/587836/?version=1lang=_e14/08/2005.Rao, P K. (2000)Sustainable Development Economics and Policy. Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishers.SETAC (1991) ATechnical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment. Washington DC SETAC.Stapleton, P J.,Glover, M A. and Davis, S P. (2nd Eds) (2001) EnvironmentalManagement Systems An Implementation Guide for Small and Medium-SizedOrganisations. NSF.Sturn, A andUpasena, S. (1997, 1998) ISO 14001 Implementing an Environmental ManagementSystem (version 2.02, 1998). usable from www.ellipson.com12/08/2005.

Applications Of Remote Sensing Environmental Sciences Essay

actions Of far Sensing Environmental Sciences EssayRemote detecting technique has emerged as an stiff creature for systematic survey, synopsis, and better precaution of native re generators ( place down, turd, pee, forests, mountains) along with the monitoring of desertification, flood, drought, and landform change. It offers a vast scope to explore, identify, and snap the natural imaginations of undeveloped regions. It documents the dynamic changes in corporeal processes and resulting landforms, usually by satellite images. This paper provides a general overview of contrary control spying. While this technique has been utilise on beaches, valleys, and other landforms, the main concern of this paper is its authority in geography.Key Words Remote Sensing, geography, ApplicationIntroduction despite advances in geographical studies, the methods of traditional geography suffer become substandard to apprehend its reality and complexity, considering expert and scie ntific changes that have happened in the locomote 30 years. However, this does not mean that these changes argon not useful for geographic research. This has become evident now that Geographical In governing body Systems (GIS) be ontogeny spacial studies to appeal to such technologies as upstage percept and figurer sciences (MEC, 1999).This paper focuses on a particular research tool for geographic research completen as outside(a) catching. This benefits the psychoanalyze of geography in numerous ways, especially as a research tool, a tool for collecting high quality selective information, and a tool that aids in the reasoning process. It achieves these tasks by virtue of its spacial and temporal coverage (Rhoads, 2004 Doreen, 2009). Geographers more and more use outback(a) controlly sensed data to obtain data virtually the res publicas land grow, ocean, and line because it supplies objective information at a mutation of spatial scales (local to global), provide s a synoptic view of the argona of interest, entrusts access to removed(p)/inaccessible sites, provides spectral information outside the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and facilitates studies of how features change over time. This data may be analyzed some(prenominal)ly or in conjunction with other digital data layers (e.g. in a GIS).General Overview of Remote SensingAlthough this paper is mainly implicated with remote sleuthing used for geography, the knit stitch of remote sensing is very wide in data acquisition methods, data processing procedures, and respective(a) techniques and applications programmes. at that placefore, it is useful to provide a general overview about several primary(prenominal) topics regarding remote sensing of the surface of the earth. The text in addition attempts to give the contributor an judgement of the capabilities and limitations of remote sensing. Very few equations and formulas will be assumption in the text, as the focus will be on understanding the basic ideas.Remote sensing is defined according to certain functions. It involves acquiring the information of an objects property by a dev methamphetamine not in contact with that object under study. This involves the utilization at a standoffishness of any device for gathering information pertinent to the environs, such as measurements of force fields, electromagnetic radiation, or acoustic energy for aircraft, spacecrafts, or ships. The technique employs such devices as a cameras, lasers, radio frequency receivers, radio detection and ranging systems, sonars, seismographs, gravimeters, magnetometers, and glistering counters. Some examples of remote sensing applications be given in the orbital cavitys that have immenseness for the geographers. Due to the wide scope cover, the subjects could not be covered in detail and the interested reader should turn to the relevant literary productions (Lille common sense Kiefer, 2000 Sabins, 2007 Jen son, 2007 Longley et. al., 2005 Shukla Pathak 2009).As humans, we are intimately familiar with remote sensing in that we rely on visual perception to provide us with a great deal of the information about our surroundings. As sensors, however, our eyes are greatly special by sensitivity to only the visible range of electromagnetic energy, demo perspectives dictated by the fix of our bodies, and the in mogul to form a unchangeable record of what we view. Because of these limitations, humans have continuously sought to develop the technological means to increase our ability to record the physical properties of our environment.Beginning with the primal use of aerial photography, remote sensing has been recognized as a valuable tool for viewing, analyzing, characterizing, and making decisions about our environment. In the past few decades, remote sensing technology has advanced on three fronts from pre ascendently military uses to a variety of environmental analysis applications that relate to land, ocean, and atmosphere issues from analogue photographic systems to sensors that convert energy from many parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to electronic signals and from aircraft to satellite platforms.1.1 Modern Advantages of Remote SensingRemote sensing technology is becoming more serious in geography due to attention organism paid to the latest information, planning, and management for public and hidden interests. It is most useful for natural resource management, sustainable development, environmental degradation, and tragedy management. Its satellite data are used as basic inputs for the fund of natural resources and development processes like agriculture, soil, forestry, and geology (Chavez et al., 1977). There are other classical technologies that are available to geographers as well, such as symbolises, aerial photography/photogrammetry/pictometry, SAR, LiDAR, echo sounder, and GIS. The next section discusses the technologies mentioned above along with the similarities and differences between them and the field of remote sensing.1.1.1 Maps According to the International cartographical Union, a map is a alter image representing selected features or characteristics of geographical reality, intentional for use when spatial relationships are of primary importance. This definition declares that in every map there is scientific accuracy and a process of selection present (symbolization, abstraction, generalization). However, the International Cartographic Union adds that a map shows us the world as we know it, and what we know is a very complex subject that is comprised of The limits of matter, technology, and our measurement tools what we deliberate that exists what we think to be serious and what we want and aspire to. Thus, a map is subjective, for we always decide what to put on it and how to represent it. A remote sensing image, in contrast, is an objective recording of the electromagnetic reaching the sensor. other important difference is that a map is a projection of the earth on paper without any relief displacements, piece of music in a remote sensing image it is a projection of relief displacements and geometric distortions.1.1.2 Aerial Photography/Photogrammetry/Pictometry These systems gather data about the upper surface of the earth by measuring the electromagnetic radiation from airborne systems. The major(ip) differences are detailed belowAerial photos are taken by an analogue instrument (the film of a photogrammetric camera), then s elicitned to be modify to digital media. The advantage of a film is its high resolution (granularity), while the advantage of the CCD is that we measure quantitatively the radiation reaching the sensor (radiance values, quite of a gray-value scale bar). Thus, remote sensing data apprise be integrated into physical equations of energy-balance.An aerial photograph is a central projection, with the alone picture taken at one instance. A remote sensin g image is created line after line, so the geometrical correction is often more complex, with each pixel take uping to be treated as a central projection.Aerial photographs usually gather data only in the visible spectrum, while remote sensing sensors can be designed to measure radiation along the electromagnetic spectrum.Pictometryis the name of a procureaerial imagecapture process of the Pictometry International Corp., USA. It pull ins tomography showing the fronts and sides of objects and locations on the grunge. Images are captured by low-flying airplanes, depicting up to 12 obliqueperspectives as well as anorthogonalview of every location flown. These perspectives can then be stitched together to create complex aerial maps that seamlessly cover large areas. Pictometry resource can be overlaid with heterogeneous shape files because every pixel isgeoreferencedto its exact location on the earth.This allows pictometry imagery to be integrated into many existingGISsoftware applicationsfor use in many areas.Direct measurements can be made on pictometry imagery that complicates area, distance, height, bloom, pitch, and bearing (http//www.pictometry.com).1.1.3 SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides imagery during night or in bad weather as well as during the day. SAR images can be utilized for earth resource function and environmental monitoring, which require freehanded-area resourcefulness at high resolutions. Synthetic aperture radio detection and ranging complements photographic and other optical imaging capabilities because of the minimum constraints on the time-of-day, atmospheric conditions, and unique responses of terrain/cultural objects to radar frequencies.Synthetic aperture radar technology can provide terrain structural information to geologists for mineral exploration, oil spill boundaries on water to environmentalists, ice fate maps to navigators, and reconnaissance-targeting information to military operations.1.1.4 LiDAR Li ght Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is another technique that offers several advantages over the conventional methods of topographic data collection. This technique provides data with higher(prenominal) density, higher accuracy, less time for data processing, light independence, and minimum ground control points required. Due to these characteristics, LiDAR is complementing conventional techniques in some applications while wholly replacing them in several others.Various applications where LiDAR data are being used are geomorphology, glacier studies, forest biomass mapping, and generation of the digital elevation model.1.1.5 sonar The echo sounder can also be considered as remote sensing by studying the surfaces of the sea (bathymetry and sea bed features) from a distance. The SONAR is an active geek of remote sensing but with sound ranges or else of electromagnetic radiation (like Radar, it does not depend on an external source of waves). Both systems transmit waves through an i nterfering medium (water, air) that adds randomness to the data. For corrections, these mustiness be utilize to the raw data collected. In remote sensing, however, radar is considered to be almost weather-independent, and atmospheric disturbances affect mainly passive remote sensing. To make these necessary corrections, both systems depend on calibration from field data (be it salinity, temperature, pressure measured by the ship while surveying, or measurements of the atmospheric profile parameters by a meteorological radiosonde).There are some notable differences between SONARs and RADARs. SONARs are mainly used to produce the bathymetry of the sea, while remote sensing techniques focus more on identification of the materials properties than on its height.Echo-sounders (single or multi-beam) can be compared to Airborne optical maser Scanning both of them create point (vector) data containing X, Y, Z that need to be further processed in order to remove noise (spikes). An added complexity when dealing with bathymetry (as opposed to topography) is the need for tide corrections. some other major difference is that in remote sensing the results of the analysis can be compared easily to the field (aerial photos, maps, field measurements), while in SONAR the underlying bottom of the sea is hidden from us, and we depend totally on the data gathered.1.1.6 GIS GIS is a combination of hardware and software that enables The collection of spatial data from distinct sources (remote sensing being one of them). It relates spatial/tabular data, performs spacial/tabular analysis, and designs the layout of a map.A GIS software can accost both vector and raster data. Remote sensing data belong to the raster type and usually require special data manipulation procedures that a unbendable GIS does not offer. However, after a remote sensing analysis has been done, its results are usually combined within a GIS or into a database of an area for further analysis (possibly over laying with other layers). In the last few years, more and more vector capabilities have been added to remote sensing software, and some remote sensing functions are inserted into GIS modules.General Remote Sensing ApplicationsEach application itself has specific demands for spectral resolution, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution of the satellite sensor. There can be many applications for remote sensing in different fields. Some of them are described below.1.2.1 AgricultureAgriculture plays a dominant role in the economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Satellite and airborne images are used as mapping tools to classify influences, meditate their health, examine their viability, and monitor farming practices. Agricultural applications of remote sensing take on crop type classification, crop condition assessment, crop pay estimation, mapping of soil characteristics, mapping of soil management practices, and compliance monitoring (farming practices).1.2.2 Fo restryForests are a valuable resource for providing food, shelter, wildlife home ground, fuel, and daily supplies (such as medicinal ingredients and paper). Forests play an important role in balancing the earths CO2 supply and exchange, acting as a key link between the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. Forestry applications of remote sensing intromit the avocationReconnaissance mapping Objectives to be met by national environment agencies take forest cover updating, depletion monitoring, and measuring biophysical properties of forest stands.Commercial forestry Of importance to commercial forestry companies and to resource management agencies are inventory and mapping applications. These imply collecting harvest information, updating inventory information for timber supply, broad forest type, vegetation density, and biomass measurements.Environmental monitoring Conservation authorities are concerned with monitoring the quantity, health, and diversity of the earths forests. 1.2.3 GeologyGeology involves the study of landforms, structures, and the subsurface to understand physical processes that create and modify the earths crust. It is most commonly understood as the exploration and exploitation of mineral/hydrocarbon resources to improve the standard of living in society. geological applications of remote sensing include the following Bedrock mapping, lithological mapping, structural mapping, sand and gravel exploration/ exploitation, mineral exploration, hydrocarbon exploration, environmental geology, geobotany, baseline infrastructure, sedimentation monitoring, display case/monitoring, geo-hazard mapping, and planetary mapping.1.2.4 HydrologyHydrology is the study of water on the earths surface, whether flowing above ground, set in ice or snow, or retained by soil. Examples of hydrological applications include wetlands monitoring, soil moisture estimation, snow pack monitoring, measuring snow thickness, determine the snow-water equivalent, ice mon itoring, flood monitoring, glacier dynamics monitoring (surges, ablation), river/delta change detection, drainage catchment basin mapping, watershed modelling, irrigation canal leakage detection, and irrigation scheduling.1.2.5 Sea IceIce covers a substantial part of the earths surface and is a major factor in commercial fishing/shipping industries, Coast Guard operations, and global humour change studies. Examples of sea ice information and applications include ice concentration, ice type/age/motion, iceberg detection, surface topographytactical identification of leads, navigation, sound shipping routes, ice condition, historical ice, iceberg conditions, dynamics for planning purposes, wildlife habitat, pollution monitoring, and meteorological change research.1.2.6 consume Cover and Land UseAlthough the legal injury land cover and land uses are often used interchangeably, their factual meanings are quite distinct. Land cover refers to the surface cover on the ground, while l and use refers to the purpose the land serves. The properties measured with remote sensing techniques relate to land cover from which land use can be inferred, particularly with ancillary data or a priori knowledge.Land use applications of remote sensing include natural resource management, wildlife habitat protection, baseline mapping for GIS input, urban expansion, logistics planning for seismic/exploration/resource extraction activities, damage delineation (tornadoes, flooding, volcanic, seismic, fire), legal boundaries for tax/property evaluation, target detection, and identification of landing strips, roads, clearings, bridges, and land/water interface.1.2.7 MappingMapping constitutes an intrinsic component of the process of managing land resources, with mapped information the common product of the analysis of remotely sensed data.Mapping applications of remote sensing include the followingPlanimetry Land surveying techniques accompanied by the use of a GPS can be used to meet high accuracy requirements, but limitations include cost effectiveness and difficulties in attempting to map large or remote areas. Remote sensing provides a means of identifying planimetric data in an efficacious manner, so imagery is available in varying scales to meet the requirements of many different users. Defence applications typify the scope of planimetry applications, such as extracting conveyance route information, building/facilities locations, urban infrastructure, and general land cover.Digital elevation models (DEMs) Generating DEMs from remotely sensed data can be cost effective and efficient. A variety of sensors and methodologies to generate such models are available for mapping applications. Two primary methods of generating elevation data are stereogrammetry techniques using airphotos (photogrammetry), VIR imagery, radar data (radargrammetry), and radar interferometry.Baseline topographic mapping As a base map, imagery provides ancillary information to the extr acted planimetric detail. Sensitivity to surface nerve makes radar a useful tool for creating base maps and providing reconnaissance abilities for hydrocarbon/mineralogical companies manifold in exploration activities. This is particularly true in remote Yankee regions where vegetation cover does not mask the microtopography and where information may be sparse.1.2.8 Oceans Coastal MonitoringThe oceans provide valuable food-biophysical resources, serve as transferral routes, are crucially important in weather system formation and CO2 storage, and are an important link in the earths hydrological balance. Coastlines are environmentally sensitive interfaces between the ocean and land, and they respond to changes brought about by scotch development and changing land-use patterns. Often coastlines are also biologically diverse inter-tidal zones and can be highly urbanized. Ocean applications of remote sensing include the followingOcean pattern identificationCurrents, regional circu lation patterns, shears, frontal zones, midland waves, gravity waves, eddies, upwelling zones, and shallow water bathymetry.Storm forecasting Wind and wave retrieval.Fish stock and marine mammal assessment Water temperature monitoring, water quality, ocean productivity, phytoplankton concentration, drift,aquaculture inventory, and monitoring.Oil spill Predicting the oil spill extent and drift, strategical support for oil spill emergency response decisions, and identification of natural oil seepage areas for exploration.ShippingNavigation routing, traffic density studies, in operation(p) fisheries surveillance, and near-shore bathymetry mapping.General Observations on Remote Sensing in GeographyHiggitt Warburton (1999) have argued that remote sensing techniques provide fresh insights in geography in four main waysThey provide new applications for geography.They provide new and improved accuracy of measurement.They provide new data that allow the investigation of ideas that were p reviously untestable.They involve the development of data processing capability.Application of Remote Sensing in GeographyGeographic applications of remotely sensed data typically take one of four explanatory formsRemote sensing images have specific uses within several(a) fields of geographical study.Remote sensing data possess advantages over conventional data and can provide multispectral, multidata, and multisensor information. This data is very useful in the agrarian fields for the crop type classification, crop condition assessment, crop yield estimation, and soil mapping.In geology, remote sensing can be applied to analyze large, remote areas. Remote sensing interpretation also makes it lento for geologists to identify an areas rock types, geomorphology, and changes from natural events such as a flood, erosion, or landslide.The interpretation of remote sensing images allows physical- and biogeographers, ecologists, agricultural researchers, and foresters to easily detect wha t vegetation is present in certain areas, its growth potential, and sometimes what conditions are contributive to its being there.Additionally, those studying urban land use applications are also concerned with remote sensing because it allows them to easily pick out which land uses are present in an area. This can then be used as data in city planning applications and in the study of species habitat.ConclusionRemote sensing data has proven to be an important tool in geography. Multi-temporal satellite data help to delineate the various(a) change of the earth surface. Remote sensing has progressively expended applications in various fields such as urban-regional planning, utilities planning, health planning, geomorphology, and resource planning. Because of its varied applications and ability to allow users to collect, interpret, and manipulate data over dangerous areas, remote sensing has become a useful tool for all geographers, regardless of their concentration.

Study On Reflection And Use Of Radiography Nursing Essay

hit the books On objurgation And Use Of skiagraphy Nursing Essay admonition is an fundamental and powerful strategy for the use of development in superior skills as it enables the link in the midst of the practice and theoretical spirit of development to sponsor moving from a beginner to a skilled practitioner. Reflection should enhance self-aw areness, identifying personal strengths and weakness as strong as help in the improvement.In the world of definitions and explanations, there are diametrical professors, author, and editors e.t.c and their various association of understanding.Dewey defined thoughtful thought as active, persistent, and fearful contemplation of every belief or supposed descriptor of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends (Dewey 1933 118). He set come prohibited five phases or aspects.1. Suggestions, in which the intellectual leaps forward to a viable solution.2. An intellectualiza tion of the difficulty or perplexity that has been felt (directly commenced) into a hassle to be solved.3. The use of one suggestion later on an an another(prenominal)(prenominal) as a leading idea, or hypothesis, to initiate and guide observation and other operations in collection of factual material.4. The mental elaboration of the idea, or supposition as an idea or supposition (reasoning, in the brain in which reasoning is a part, not the whole, of inference).5. Testing the hypothesis by overt, or imaginative actionIn every case of hypothecateive activity, a person finds himself confronted with a given, present situation from which he has to nonplus at, or conclude to, nearlything that is not present. This process of arriving at an idea of what is wanting on the basis of what is at hand is inference. What is present carries or bears the mind over to the idea and ultimately the acceptance of well-nighthing else. (Dewey 1933Donald Schn (1983) suggested that the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning was one of the defining characteristics of professional practice. He argued that the model of professional training which he termed Technical Rationality-of charging disciples up with knowledgein training schools so that they could discharge when they entered the world of practice, perhaps much aptly termed a battery model-has never been a particularly unattackable description of how professionals trust in action, and is quite inappropriate to practice in a fast-changing world.Goodman (1984, cited by jasper 2003 p9) suggests that there are three directs of reflection which you are likely to impress through during your education. However it is not helpful to think that you are at level 1 in year 1, level 2 in year 2 e.t.c. which level you achieve willing depend on your skill and ability and should not be restricted to the level which has the same number as your year of study.Doing a ecumenic investigatio n on a word, a methodology, hypothesis, summary and conclusion on a laboratory functional would have being easier as I would have being confident enough to do a spare up on what I did, should have do, and reasons why a au indeedtic error happened and how it could have being avoided. This is roundthing that could be through as it has been through with(p) preceding(prenominal)ly with my melt at college. Writing a reflection on a workplace experience is different barely similar to constitution or doing an investigation on a laboratory practical, so the techniques of constitution a laboratory practical can be used to frame a reflection as well as the guidance notes affix on the blackboard.The health check examination field had ran in my family right from my oldest sister to my older sister as Nurses and now to me as a Radiography (student)I didnt distinguish to be a radiographer in order not to break the medical chain or be sustain my sisters being nurses, and ever s ince I visited my oldest sister while she was on a work placement I dictum other radiographers, how they operated the skiagraphy implement in taking various x- radiates was happen taken and wondered how the radiography machine catchs use of its infrared without molesting the human strip to father the image of the endo-skeleton. Since then I have being fire in the machines and in other get closer to it and find out how it works was to become its operator (radiographer).Queen Mary Hospital, Sidcup was a tremendous place to work/experience what it is like to be a radiographer, as well as being much more hygienic and industry than I was as there were lots of precautions done before and after taking an x-ray such as the use of disinfectants before and after dealing with a forbearing and the accurate use of the radiography machine which requires lots of concentration and pa splicence because a slight mistake could cause a life or make the situation of the patient worse.It was in reality nice meeting other radiography students but known and unknown, we were taken on a tour around the hospital by other senior radiography students then we were introduced to our various supervisors, my supervisor was a lovable lady who seem to be very experienced, she knew what she was doing and similarly what she was talking about, patient and confident.The first week of the experience was very nerve racking and it was knackering, we were technic whollyy a full time working class radiographers (9am 5pm) every day. I got used to the fatigue on the second week but was silent flighty that I was going to make a mistake at roughly point while with a patient either realizable action wise or practical wise. With the help of the supervisor and the senior boyfriend I illuminateed a little bit of confidence, was corrected before make and after making a mistake and was checked upon on a regular basis in order to be up to ensample and produce distinctive results.Before al lowed use of the radiography machine we had to get use to the environments such as being like receptionists, calling out the patients names, checking their information and details making certain(a) that its the right person this was a lot interesting because I got to meet different people with different characters. thus I was given the opportunity to work in the CT (computerised tomography) glance over briefly, was thought the basics of the machine, what it scans the body for, how it detects the diseases and how it is maintained. This was time consuming and required a lot of patience. It was quite boring at this point. But came to realise that I was no longer implicated in radiography because of the machines, but interested in it because I like to be of help in whatevermodal values I can to the people and community.In the medical world principally the content Health Services, UK there are various sections in each hospital, some hospitals specialised in something specific and some are specialised in everything, but a thorough medical check-up is not complete without some sort of scan which is where the radiographers and radiography comes in.Radiography is the use of X-rays to view a non-uniformly composed material such as the human body. By utilizing the natural properties of the ray an image can be developed displaying clearly, areas of different density and composition.A heterogeneous beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray generator and is intercommunicate toward an object. According to the density and composition of the different areas of the object a comparison of X-rays are absorbed by the object. The X-rays that pass through are then captured behind the object by a detector (film sensitive to X-rays or a digital detector) which gives a 2D representation of all the structures superimpose on each other. In tomography, the X-ray source and detector move to blur out structures not in the focal plane. Computed tomography (CT scanning) is different to plain film tomography in that computer assisted reconstructive memory is used to generate a 3D representation of the scanned object/patient. Radiography was not only used on living being (medical reasons) besides industrial purposes such as fitting shoes.X-ray photons used for medical purposes are formed by an event involving an electron, while da Gamma ray photons are formed from an interaction with the nucleus of an atom. In general, medical radiography is done using X-rays formed in an X-ray tube. Nuclear medicine typically involves gamma rays.The types of electromagnetic radiation of most interest to radiography are X-ray and gamma radiation. This radiation is much more ready than the more familiar types such as radio waves and visible light. It is this comparatively high energy which makes gamma rays useful in radiography but potentially hazardous to living organisms.Gamma rays are indirectly ionizing radiation. A gamma ray passes through matter until it undergoes an int eraction with an atomic particle, unremarkably an electron. During this interaction, energy is transferred from the gamma ray to the electron, which is a directly ionizing particle. As a result of this energy transfer, the electron is liberated from the atom and proceeds to ionize matter by colliding with other electrons along its path. Other times, the passing gamma ray interferes with the orbit of the electron, and dulls it, releasing energy but not sightly dislodged. The energy released is usually heat or another, weaker proton, and causes serious biological harm to the body such as skin cancer and other form of endo cancer.Radiography is a very important technique in the medical world but also dangerous if not used right on on a patient. Before using one of the machines we had to disinfect ourselves, tie up loose hair, cover the ones that couldnt be tied up and damp protective clothes such as coveralls eye goggles and gloves. I was introduced to all the patients by my super visor as a radiography student some of them I took their x-ray with supervision and some I watched as theirs were taken and some were done with both my supervisor and I. the ones I did by myself with supervision I had to ask for their consent before doing anything on them some of them werent sure and some had no problem, for those who werent sure were the ones that was done with the supervisor and I and for those who had no problem, I asked for their consent personally and was still pinch that in case the patient decide to take action against me I whitethorn be in danger of laws such as the right to self-determination in which adults have the right to determine what is done to their bodies and touching a person without consent is basically unlawful and can amount to onset to them or, more rarely, a criminal assault Griffith, R., Tegnah, C. (2008) this make me authentically nervous and coming up with different thoughts of thing going wrong and clevernessiness do something slig htly wrong and end up becoming really disastrous. The analysis of the reflective process, the need to attend to feelings and attitudes (making use of positive feeling and then dealing with negative feeling) was apparent throughout and required self- assuredness.The relieving aspect of the experience was the fact that all the patients I dealt with, with or without supervision to the full co-operated without any difficulty and technicality, as they didnt have much choice to disintegration task I was going to do for them but to consent to the intervention because it was in their best interest but they still had to be well-thought-of as patients and clients autonomy and their rights to decide whether or not to undergo any health care with use of medical equipments/machine intervention-even where a refusal may result in harm or death to themselves, unless a court of law of law orders to the contrary.The other option I had was not to personally asked patients that were dealt with by m e for their consents and carry on with my task at the risk actions taken against me. trickery of treatment upon a competent patient against their wishes may constitute brutal or degrading treatment or punishment. Such option might have been counterproductive and detrimental to my career in the invent that any of the patients decide to take legal action against me (Tingle .J. and Cribb .A. 2007).I was classified as a very substantially and hardworking student, who was always willing to work at all times but needed to ad however on certain aspects such as hygiene skills and patience i.e. doing things properly without bucket along them through, which I did improve on eventually didnt get a fewer task done in the theoretical aspect but when it came to the practical aspect I was always willing to learn something new. Even in the practical I was still a bit shaking but if I was to come back for another work placement and was told to do some if not most of the things I had done in my previous placement I believe there would be more care as I have gained more experience and knowledge of how to go about it. Reflection helps the practitioner to gain insight into self, be authorize to respond more effectively in similar situation in the future and realise your vision as a lived reality. In adjunct to that, reflection leads to learning certain skills and knowledge and development of attitudes and attributes effective to make positive difference to the clientTo conclude, it has now become clear that reflection is a way to learn through experience and this helps the practitioner to gain insight or change his perception of himself or his practice. It is a good tool to describe, analyse and evaluate practice experience for future learning. Its major role in professional programme is learning but is also good for professional development and identifying learning needs. This essay has also made me to be aware of the factors that inhibit observation such as tending or i ts deficit, know-how, working condition and the need to know. It has made me to be aware of the fact that professional issues are normally composed of various important and co-relating issues.IssuesThere were lots issues faced while working at the hospital, mainly with the patients most of the issues were to do with the reaction of people when it comes to the pronouncing of the names/surnames, some were just naturally mischievous and the rest were to do with unnecessary questions being asked and their slow rate of understand when explaining something to them. These issues were dealt with by just adapting to the environment as well as the different type of people that came this has helped massively outside of the hospital. some other issue was mingled with me and my supervisor we did have a few mistake when it came to getting work done properly and in time, been told turned several(prenominal) times, embarrassed in front of other colleagues e.t.c but the only way out was to do what the supervisor wanted which was getting work done and up to standard as well as punctuality.Issue between other colleagues and I I made new friends tried to be social with everybody in class, never had any repugnance against anybody but some did. Which I ignored and tried as much as possible to stay away from them because didnt want anything hindering or standing between me and my degree in order to ruin my career. Whenever we needed to work in pair on a task I made sure I worked with the one that I social with the most and not the ones that had the grudge the last thing needed while working in a hospital was conflict and being hypocritical.The major issue of all was doing argument work while doing the work experience during the 2 months work experience we were at some point required to get some course work / power point presentations created more pressure on us. We worked from 9am 5pm, tired for the rest of the night so had to rest but not in this situation on some nights had to get some the coursework / presentation done. It was all down to time-management more work and less socialising, Monday to Friday 9am-5pm, work an hour off each night was for investigations and the type up of the coursework, weekends most of the works were done including the rehearsal of the presentation as well as revision for forthcoming examinationsDewey (1933)Donald Schn (1983)Goodman (1984, cited by jasper 2003)Griffith, R., Tegnah, C. (2008)Tingle .J. and Cribb .A. ( 2007).http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologyhttp//www.learningandteaching.info/learning/reflecti.htmhttp//www.infed.org/biblio/b-reflect.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography

raising cattle :: essays research papers

Raising cows across America     Cattle are creation produced all across the United States. From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and from calcium to the Atlantic Ocean there are several thousand proposition of cattle being raised. However these cattle are all being raised the some way or under the same conditions. Ranchers in the north have to deal with snow and ice while the grey ranchers are dealing with mud, water, and, mosquitoes. The people raising cattle in the midwestern United States are faced with droughts and having to keep their crops and cattle watered.      Raising cattle in the blue part of the United States is more than just raising cattle and being cold while you do it. Keeping your cattle with sweet-flavored water, hunt down, and, convert is sometimes a task anywhere in the bucolic much less when you have to deal with temperatures that are twenty degrees to a lower place zero. When it is this cold outside your cattle d o not have fresh-cut water until you go and break the five to ten inches of ice on top of their water trough. Feeding your herd also creates problems. When you get the hay for your herd to make it through the winter it can not be just any hay. You have to send your hay to a research laboratory to get it tested. By having your hay tested this tells you if your hay has enough protein for your cattle to make it through the harsh winters. Weve had cattle starve to death with abounding bellies says Paul Walker, extension livestock agent of Alamance County, North Carolina. They received big money of hay but it was not enough to meet their nutritional needs. The hay you feed needs to be at least nine to fourteen percent protein. The higher the protein the better the hay is and the better the hay you feed the better your cows will be.      Just below the extreme northern part of the country is where droughts are a

Essay --

STATEMENT OF PURPOSEThis account mainly focuses in brief on my intention, aspiration and objectives of why I want to waste ones time admitted in MS under the department of economics, especially in conspiracy Dakota State University, as most the people of a developing acres like Bangladesh, atomic number 18 afflicted with poverty, ignorance and lack of sparing management that atomic number 18 like a rift in the lute in our social, economic and political arena. These problems always haunt me and my thoughts like Pluto in the deathbed. I want to contribute in a widespread way in these zones that will have far-reaching effect on the development, growth and advancement in our poverty-stricken society. For making up my dream fruitful and pragmatic, I am in a crying need for acquiring more association and understanding in Economics to bring about a radix change in economic management and development.To me South Dakota State University is alone(predicate) in the sense that, here Ma ster of Science in Economics focuses on relevant topics on economics and also encompasses rigorous meditate in economic theory, agricultural and resources economics, look into methods, quantitative techniques etc. which are essential to make my foundation stronger enough to imply this knowledge on emerging economic issues.The department of Economics offers courses with theoretical analysis and rattling world application and also work on a broad(a) range of issues, such as Personnel and Labor Relations, Farming and intellectual nourishment Systems Economics, Economic Development, Economics of the International Sector which fit with my area of interest. By getting an opportunity of doing course work and carrying out research on my preferred area I am confident of building up myself befitting for higher studies as well as for contributing t... .... By involving myself in this project work, I enriched my knowledge on the impact of nothing subsidy in Bangladesh. The probability of worsening the economic growth referable to giving subsidy on that particular sector was our finding. As I am in persuasion for master percentage point, I have get to know about the South Dakota State University by searching in internet. I firmly confide that the chance to do my master degree in this university will be the turning move towards accomplishing my desired goal. I am confident of not only upholding the academic excellence and self-respect of the institution but also make remarkable contribution. I believe that I will be able to contribute considerably to the research in your university. I also believe the education from your institution and early(a) opportunities that come to my way will facilitate me obtaining my objectives. Thank you.

Definition Essay - Defining Art -- Expository Definition Essays

Definition Essay Defining wileWhat is trick? Art and perception are deeply interrelated, since our ability to experience and comprehend tasty works is strongly biased by our own perceptions. Accordingly, any commentary of ruse should emphasize the importance of perception in creating and experiencing art. Yet, each individual has his or her own opinion of every artistic work, biased by his or her own perceptions, causing each person to define art as a whole in his or her own inherent manner. Hence, in my opinion it is impossible to create an objective definition of art, if art is something that each person perceives and experiences in a wholly subjective manner. In my view, art is the representation and transmission of thought. It is the representation of the thoughts or experiences of an artist, created to transmit and later on evoke the same thoughts or experiences vicariously in an audience, via the artists creation. I believe art is based on the fact that peo ple, through their own perceptions, can experience the same thoughts or feelings as the artist. I...

PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization :: essays research papers fc

HistoryPalestinian Liberation Organization1. Can the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) justifiably claimto be the sole, legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.?The PLO was set up in 1964 by an Arab League decision in responseto ripening signs of Palestinian unrest. The Palestinians desired to reclaimthe lands occupied by Israel, which they felt belonged to them, as said inthe Bible. In 1964 the Arab states created the Palestine LiberationOrganization (PLO). date it was supposed to represent the Palestinians,in reality it represented the views of President Nasser of Egypt, who guide the formation of the PLO. Its first leader made wild andirresponsible threats to train Israelis into the sea, and had little last among Palestinians for he was seen as a puppet of the Egyptians. Inthe 1960s Palestinian students began to form their own organizationsindependent of control by Arab governments (although the Syrians, Libyans,and Iraqis continued to fund and control partic ular groups). Yasser Arafatfounded an independent Palestinian-run party called Fatah. He is said tohave the backing, for most of the recent past, of about 80% of thePalestinian people. The position of the Arab governments was that a PLOunder Arab League supervision would be the go around way of satisfying thedemands made by an emerging Palestinian discipline consciousness. Also, itwas felt that through such an organization Arab governments could controlPalestinian governmental activities.Ten years after its founding, the PLO was raised to the post ofgovernment. And in 1988, the PLOs status was to be raised again, thistime to a state in exile. later several negotiations, Arafat became aTerrorist leader and administrator of self-rule in the due west Bank and theGaza Strip.In the 1967 Six Day War, the Arab armies did very badly againstIsrael, losing 67,000 full-strength kilometres of land. Palestinians came tobelieve that if they were ever to have their land, they would have to do itthemselves. After the 1967 war, the side changed drastically. Theresistance activities of respective(a) guerrilla organizations, in particular theAl-Fatah and the PFLP, gained the change magnitude support of the Palestinians.With Arafat at the helm from 1969 and a resistance-oriented leadership, thePLO was more effective and contend a central role in mobilizing thePalestinians and in expanding its basis of support both at the local andinternational level. The PLO became an umbrella organization for thevarious guerrilla groups.This increase in support was made possible because of theAl-Fatahs tycoon to access to the growing numbers of volunteers fromrefugee camps which were freshly swollen due to the 1967 war.

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- Karl Marx Communism biographies Essays

memoir of Karl Marx Karl Marx was a nonrecreational intellectual and philosopher. Throughout Marxs life, chance meetings with other professional intellectuals and philosophers helped guide Marx to his final destination. Although Marx died in March of 1883, slightly 122 years ago, his theories argon still being studied, and in some cases, used in some governments. In his lifetime Marx explored many different social settings and groups. His final assemblage of work can be found in his Communist Manifesto, which he co-authored with Fredrick Engels. Although very meager at times, Marx lived an extraordinary life. Karl Marx was born on may 5, 1818 in Trier Rheinish Prussia (Germany). Although his family was ultimately Jewish, Karls father, Hirschel Marx, changed the familys religion to Protestant to bend anti-Semitism. Later, to avoid further persecution, Hirschel changed his name to Heinrich 1. Young Karl was raised mostly in Prussia. once he had gr aduated from the Gymnasium, todays equivalent of high school, Marx entered Bonn University to continue his education and quest for in his fathers footsteps as a lawyer. While at Bonn, Karl spent more of his time socializing and running up large debts. Karl was once hurt during a duel, because a debt collector2. After hearing about Karls attitude towards high education, Heinrich paid off his sons depts. However the injury involving the duel made Heinrich swear that Karl no longer regard Bonn, but instead move to Berlin and attend the University of Berlin. While in Berlin, Karl met a lecturer named Bruno Bauer. While under Bauers influence, Marx was introduced to the books of G.W.F. Hegel, whom had been a fellow lectur... ...y his wifes passing, Marx needed his eldest daughter, Eleanor, to take care of him. In January 1883 Eleanor herself passed away due to cancer of the liver. Marx, left to take care of himself, died terce months later in March of 1883. Although Marx and his wife were separated by remnant for over two years, they now lay military position by side at Highgate Cemetery in London. Notes1 Frank E. Manuel, A wail for Karl Marx (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1995) 12 2 V.I. Lenin, The Marxists Internet Archive, 16 September 1999, (9 March 2002) 3 Spartacus Educational, 3 March 2002 (9 March 2002) 4 Richard P. Appelbaum, Karl Marx Vol. 7 of Masters of companionable Theory (Newbury Park SAGE Publications, 1988) 5 Appelbaum, 21 6 Manuel, 35 7 Manuel, 37

Reviewing The Matrix Revisited (documentary) :: essays research papers

Inside The hyaloplasm RevisitedThe Method Behind the head gameAs a filmmaker, I find viewing documentaries that explain the methods knobbed in creating major motion pictures to be very insightful and interesting. The ground substance Revisited is peerless of the best of these documentaries that I have seen. The Matrix Revisited explained eerything that I treasured to know about what went into making The Matrix. Considering that the film, The Matrix, left me baffled as to how they created just about of the barbs, this informative documentary opened my eyes to the processes that the filmmakers went through in prescribe to create the special effects. The director of The Matrix Revisited, Josh Oreck, was on the apparel of the film from day one and caught some of the most amazing stunts ever move on film while they were being created. For those that have neer seen The Matrix, it includes a scene where a woman does a cartwheel mangle of a wall after running on it for about 6 steps. The Matrix Revisited shows how a simple pulley system and a bus of practice is all it took to create this effect. The Matrix also includes a scene where bullets are slowed down to the point where you can see them and, of course, the main player can dodge them. Throughout the documentary Oreck is able to answer questions that I had about how camera lenses where altered to leave blue or jet plane tints of color in certain scenes to separate real life from the Matrix, the way they used computer graphics (which explains those slow motion bullets), and nonetheless the incredibly complex storyline as a whole (just in case my using the terms real life and the Matrix conglomerate you). The documentary shows the first storyboards created in order to pitch the idea to producers, and covers up to and through creating the music and editing the film together after everything else was finished. little filmmakers, become almost fearful when they see a film standardised The Matrix. Th e massive scale of a film like that can constrain even the most well trained students. Filmmakers in training never spend that amount of time or money on one film and imagining doing so can easily overwhelm the mind. The Matrix Revisited helps to put all of The Matrixs effects into context. It breaks them down and makes them seem a lot simpler than they appear on screen.

Self Expression Essay -- essays research papers

Self twistThe American social environs has revolutionized the ways in which people posit their sexual identity. Years ago it was taboo for a young peeress to talk about sex or even arouse her mother-to doe with about the topic. Sheltered under her parents wings a girl was non given the opportunity to explore her sexual urge. Parents molded their children in their image and did non allow them much choice or opportunity for diversity. It was not as socially acceptable for a young person to be allowed to convey themselves through clothes, music or lifestyle as it is immediately. Stuart Ewen presents an excellent come out in his article &8220First Impressions about young people and how they have come to blueprint their own identity . Although this article is about the ferment of urban styles on materialistic impressions, he makes a remarkably grueling point about the historical transformation of individual identity. Ewen states &8220The old dry land of the parents was roo ted in a continuity&8230the new earth on the other hand, demanded a sense of self that was malleable, sensitive to the index finger of progressively volatile surfaces. Addressing the historical transformation of individual identity, historian Warren Susman describes it as a shift from the importance of &8220character to the importance of &8220personality (Ewen, 411). Audrey Lorde incorporated this theory throughout her book &8220ZAMI a New Spelling of My Name Lorde takes us on a journey through her life starting with her early childhood years. As a young black girl being raised by a strong, independent homosexual mother living a hetrosexual lifestyle, Lorde shows us how she secretly takes on many of her mother&8217s characteristics. Audrey Lorde uses her mother&8217s sexual identity as a foundation in maturation her own sense of sexuality while struggling to express herself as a young, homosexual black woman in an extensively comminuted society.Audrey Lorde paints a picture thr oughout this book of how her mother&8217s sexuality played a major role in allowing her to come to hurt with her own sexual identity. Lorde allows us to see that her mother lead a hetrosexual lifestyle only because back in the twenties and thirties gayness was not socially accepted. Although her mother was distinct from all of the other women, she neer openly expressed herself i... ...y grew to come about. If Lorde was alive forthwith, I am positive(predicate) she would be happy to see how much the American social environment has influenced today&8217s youth. Homosexuality is far more accepted today than ever before. Children are being brought up in a unloose society that allows them to express their identity and sexuality in many different ways. This allows for them to grow as individuals and explore for themselves their intimate desires and personal preferences that will shape them in to becoming who they are later on in life. Ewen do an excellent point in his article by stating &8220&8230the new world on the other hand, demanded a sense of self that was malleable, sensitive to the power of increasingly volatile surfaces (Ewen, 410). This statement is true with today&8217s society. Parents of today&8217s generation are becoming less controlling and speech their children the resentment they felt towards their parents. Children are very vulnerable to everything that goes on well-nigh them. I feel parents today are trying their best not to stand in the way of their children&8217s dreams and desires. Children are able immediately more than ever to explore.

Definition Essay - The Meaning of Love -- Expository Definition Essays

The Meaning of spot nonpareil can cognise a sister, a br otherwise, a mother, a father, grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins and friends, strangers, pets, the sunlight on a unassailable evening, reflecting through a prism, held by fishing line stuck to a comminuted suction cup to a dusty window. You can love feed from cake to roast beef, even those tiny individual candy forbid that are never enough but just give you a taste of chocolate before you pop in the second one. wholeness is able to love the tincture of carpet between toes or the stress in a hammocks string when you lay in that u position swing music delightfully with each motion of your body. We can declare love for sounds culmination from a stereo, love for that particular sound wave in coordination with other sound waves that make it to the inner ear as that thing we bellow music. Some of us love to feel a piffling pain, love feeling that edge of life that lets us know were alive, nerves titillating with t he sensation that something is not quite right, mind ablaze with the knowledge that the mightiness to commit more pain or to stop it is in grasp. One might love a particular spot in the world, a city, a hill, a nook, a field of sunflowers swaying in the breeze. From flying an woodworking plane at sound-breaking speeds or laying near comatose, the only movement the flipping of pages and the flitting of look as words are dragged into a brain to organize, recognize, and realize their importation in correlation to each other. Love is all around us, continually exuding from ourself and others. When what someone does not love is near, or when its something they hate, we are quick to chance on it. The disgust in the face as a lump of forage falls out of the mouth that tried something new or something forgotten. The shying onward from a cer... ... anyone . . . then love must simply be everything else. For one, a scritch of fingernails across green blackboard is a loathsome, marrow s craping experience. For another, the boozy footsteps upon a staircase pounding higher and higher, closer and closer to the bedchamber door. Maybe being touched on the nose or those little prickly seeds that hold on like velcro to anything they touch. At the same(p) time another could love those little spiky balls, or venerate owning drunken feet, the world a blur with head so heavy. Love is so ready to include that anyone is hard-pressed to find something the world excludes and places in a bin called hate.So I ask you to love, to experience this feeling throughout every nerve of your body, every electric-impulse of a brain cell, every beat of your heart and blink of the eye.Because thats what love is to me. Simply everything.