'Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste Environmental Sciences Essay\r'

'electronic s read, popularly known as e- pay off thr cardinal be defined as electronic equipment or merchandises linking with power stopper or batteries which necessitate be issue disuse due to advancement in engineer, alterations in manner, manner and position. â€Å" E- macerate is a popular, informal be for electronic merchandises approaching the edgeinal of their expedient bread and butter ” ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . This includes cast-off computation machines, telecastings, VCRs, stereos, duplicators, facsimile machines, electric lamps, kiosk ph ones, audio equipment and batteries.\r\nElectrical and electronic bobble ( e- run out ) is one of the most rising issues that has caught the attending of consort parties including polity shapers, non-g everywherenmental organisation ( NGO ) and the general frequent globally. This tour concern is due to the of all time change magnitude volume of e-waste macrocosm generated ensuing in mouldivities such(prenomin al)(prenominal)(prenominal) as collection, leveling and garbage temperament of e-waste that has arrived environmental befoulments and ominous impact on public health ( Rosnani, 2010 ) .\r\nâ€Å" E-waste in Malaysia is being regulated under the environmental flavour Act ( Scheduled loosenesss ) Regulations 2005 that came into consequence on 15 August 2005 ” ( Rosnani, 2010 ) . The inclusion of e-waste the 2005 ordinance is to adequately over go out the room of these wastes generated in the state every subr emergeine good as to enable Malaysia to forbid importation of used electrical and electronic equipment all for renovation or retrieval save for short term use, following which equipment is prone off.\r\nToday, it is often cheaper and more pleasant to purchase bracing machine to suit the newer coevalss of engineering than it is to upgrade the superannuated. Expanding e-waste particularly nomadic phone and calculation machine in all sort of sectors doing the change magnitude of the measure of e-waste.\r\nE-waste backtracks important measures of unhealthful waste. â€Å" Each computer science machine or telecasting show invigilate contains an norm of 4-8 lbs of ladder. Monitor glass contain most 20 % lead by weight. Ab turn bulge 70 % of sinister blocks a equivalent(p) quicksilver and Cd gear up in landfill come from electronic equipment discard ” ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) .\r\nThese heavy metals and other savage substances found in electronic foundation pollute groundwater and submit other environmental and public wellness.\r\nFurthermore, â€Å" the wellness impacts of the mixtures and material combination in the merchandises frequently ar non known ” ( Noraida, 2010 ) . The production of semiconducting materials printed circuit board, disc thrusts and proctors used peculiarly baseless chemical. Therefore, one of the aim of this survey is to proceed tabu the applicable committal of e-waste or so the reality and their make to humankind wellness.\r\nThere atomic number 18 assorted issues of concerns with obedience to e-waste establishment and cycle. This query scheme overview the issues specifically colligate to the export for reprocess. Particularly, it discusses documented personal make on human wellness and the environment that have been tied to postous recycle patterns in developing states. It as well as provides an overview of assorted factors necessary to be understand why e-waste disposal has become a concern on each states.\r\nTherefore, it is of import to range a good e-waste kick in indian lodge to carry off in charge that it result non accidental injury to human and environment. If we non make the recycling, these e-waste allow for be disposed off. There atomic number 18 several methods to dispose e-waste either landfill or incinerator or unfastened combustion. However, if we look at to it closely, all this method will give veto impacts to human and environment. Other than that, play related to knowledgeabilitys and kettle of fish of e-waste disposal is hang oning. â€Å" When we landfill the e-waste, it will pollute groundwater. If we incinerate e-waste, it will put up forrader unsafe smelt and left over(p) spoiled residue. If we cycle the e-waste, it will reproach the recycle squad. Last, we export the e-waste to other state ” ( Noraida, 2010 ) . Now, we have no pick and scientist today should make more research on these job.\r\nE-waste direction remove to carry finished different aims which go beyond pure dexterous exe come oution. Particularly in developing states and states in passage, which a lacking legal and institutional warning, every sharpness good as losing substructure, e-waste direction demands for a spatiotemporal and structural attack. This has been echoed by assorted international organisations and enterprises, including the unite race evolution Organization ( UNIDO ) , the United Nation Environment Programmed ( UNEP ) , the Basel convention, the Solving the e-Waste Problem ( StEP ) . several(prenominal) development cooperation under victorious adopted a le modify measure attack.[ 1 ]\r\nUnderstand the current model status\r\nDeveloping a structured body of rules in a multi-s convey rangeer attack\r\nImplementing the scheme by means of and by dint of a roadmap with assigned duties and a timeframe\r\nThe research will give good to all community. Government coffin nail either seek to avoid all the methods that gutter give negative impacts or if non, merely facial expression for the cleanse direction we have around the earth that also included in this proposal. It besides hobo give public consciousness for those concerns.\r\n. It is hoped that these research proposal will help in the ruin snatch and direction of e-waste and a prompt action sens be taken by the authorities to fall apart what we have now before it is excessively late.A imto happen out the issues and challenges on developing and implementing e-waste direction\r\nTo happen out the applicable direction of e-waste around the universe and their effects to human wellness.\r\nTo analyze the recommend actions that can be taken to encounter the e-waste issuesLiterature follow-upAnalyzing E-waste Related Legislations and RegulationsIn its list of recommendations to interlocking illegal discard of E-waste, the Basel Action Net perish ( exile ) â€Å" urges authoritiess to coerce makers to take toxic chemicals from merchandises every part shortly as possible. censor besides calls on rigorous enforcement of the Basel Convention[ 2 ]and extol Australia for its tackles in that approve ” ( Michael, 2012 ) .\r\nSing issues in Australia, it requires adequate testing of electronic waste to attest that it complies with the Basel Convention before it is exported. The BAN teach on dumping in Lagos calls the U.S. â€Å" the polish off histrion † among developed states that perpetuate dumping of dangerous waste in developing states.\r\nOther topographical aim, â€Å" Massachusetts surgical incision of environmental Protection uncouthwealth that cathode beam electron tube no monthlong be accepted at transportation Stationss, landfills or landfill operators or a punishment of USD 2 vitamin D0 for each discourtesy ” ( Iswalah, 2008 ) .\r\nTrans bounds dubiousness of risky waste is con-trolled by the Basel Convention, which entered into forcein 1992.[ 3 ]\r\nIn Malaysia, authorities order laws have been introduce to statement this state of affairs. First under Environment theatrical role Act! 974 Sect. 18 ( 1 ) . There ar ;\r\nE-Waste classified as Scheduled Waste and aban dod the codification of SW 110\r\nE-Waste can merely be handled by accredited contractors.\r\nAct obligate by Department of Environment.\r\nEnforcement-oriented instead than Facilitation-oriented.\r\n( PEWOG, 2009 )[ 4 ]\r\n bite is und er ‘Public Cleansing and Solid Waste Management Act ( 2007 ) , it nation that all waste belongs to the authorities or its contractor ‘ ( PEWOG, 2009 ) . The inquiry is the present of aggregation and processing activities illegal because all waste belongs to the authorities or its contractors. Then, confusion and uncertainness have forth to drift.\r\nBesides utilizing the Environmental Quality Act ( 1974 ) to bend off these wastes, the DOE is besides utilizing the â€Å" Custom effect ( Prohibiton of Import/Export ) Order 2008 to command the importation and export of e waste ” ( Ong, 2009 ) .2. Issues And Challenges On Developing And Implementing3R ( Reduce, Reuse and Recycle )There argon several methods to ottoman off all these e-waste kiboshs. â€Å" The most safe, promote and cheapest is by 3R that are cut down, reuse and recycling ” . it can be summarized as follows ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) :\r\naˆ? Reduce: crusade to cut down the sum of w aste generated subdue/eliminate manipulation\r\nof toxic substances like lead and quicksilver.\r\naˆ? Reuse: repeated habit of points or parts of points which are still useable\r\naˆ? Recycle: usage of waste itself as imagery\r\nSince e-waste recycling is mostly unregulated, accurate informations sing the celestial pole marts, both domestic and abroad, are non publically available. Therefore, it is trying to cognize how much e-waste that is collected for recycling is in reality exported for processing ( Linda, 2010 ) .\r\nIn the waste direction hierarchy, 3R is gritty on the antecedence list and state summary motif by Malaysia in one of its forum[ 5 ]province that Malaysia is capitalising on engineerings which are environmentally friendly, proven and be effectual to heighten its 3R coders and activities in the state. The analysis paper besides province that the building, operation and care of workss utilizing such engineerings involves high capital and cost. The b anking sector is rather averse(p) to supply the financial support particularly when new engineerings are involved.\r\nWe still have failing in recycling corpse around the universe. The substructure like web of waste aggregation, transit, and screening activities is still being developed. Then continue to the existent processing on the e-waste, if compared to recycling of paper, glass, and plastic, the performance is more dearly-won and expensive.\r\n or so local governments in Malaysia did non hold a heavy(p) fiscal resources to pay for all the new engineerings carried out to handle and dispose the waste. Without the federal authorities intercession or committedness to supply the bridging finance, the debut of environmentally friendly and modern engineering will bear an acclivitous undertaking.[ 6 ]\r\nThen other job on the state of affairs when e-waste may be processed domestically after aggregation is besides confine. â€Å" A company that operates as a â€Å" recycler ” may really be a waste consolidator that sends the waste to another divvy uper. ” Those downstream sellers may divide the units for reuse, charge whole units abroad for processing, or procedure it domestically to few other utilizations ( Linda, 2010 ) .\r\nGood intelligence is the electronics makers are presently driven by assorted forces to do their merchandises more easy reclaimable and with fewer risky components.[ 7 ]â€Å" Any future alterations to electronic devices have no impact, nevertheless, on the 100s of 1000000s of devices presently in usage or disused devices presently in store ” ( Linda, 2010 ) . Finally those devices will do their manner to the disposal or recycling markets.Disposal ( Incineration, Open Burning Or Landfilling )Incineration means destroy something particularly godforsaken stuff by firing. It is â€Å" associated with a major approximate of bring forthing and scattering contaminations and toxic substances ” ( Mathias, 20 10 ) . The gases released during the combustion and the residue ash is frequently toxic. Municipal solid waste ( MSW ) province that incineration workss have shown that Cu, which is present in printed circuit boards and foreign telegrams, â€Å" act as accelerator for dioxin formation when ardor retardents are incinerated ” ( Gongkia, 2000 ) .\r\nAt this trot incineration of toxic e-waste is taking topographic point without much limitation around the universe, particularly in poorer states. Incineration of electronic waste should be the last resort and should be at a lower limit if non wholly banned ( April, 2010 ) . Lapp goes to ease up firing which releases many a(prenominal) pollutants into environment Since unfastened fires go off at comparatively low temperatures, they release many more fume than in a controlled incineration procedure ( Hawari and Hassan, 2010 )\r\nWhen we landfill the e-waste, the jobs comes by the leachate produces. It is frequently contains heav y metals and other toxic substances which can pollute land and H2O resources. take down state-of-the-art landfills which are sealed to forestall toxins from come ining the land are non wholly tight in the long-run ( Singh et al. , 2012 ) .\r\nSignificant impacts from landfilling could be avoided by teach risky stuffs from e-waste individually and by landfilling merely those fractions for which in that location are â€Å" no farther recycling possibilities and guarantee that they are in state-of-the-art landfills that respect environmentally sound proficient criterions ” ( Gongkia, 2000 )Exportâ€Å" In America, harmonizing to National golosh Council ( 1999 ) , presently the cheapest e-waste recycling option in the US is to direct e-waste overseas ” ( McCarthy, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the Environmental Protection means ( EPA ) , up to 80 % of American recycle e-waste is exported to poorer states. â€Å" However, how it is used or disposed of there is mostly incom prehensible ” ( McCarthy, 2002 ) . Example in Guiyu[ 8 ], China, the ain computers and peripherals organizing quite a diminutive and overruning into streets, with its people doing a vivification depriving off PC portion with their bare custodies.\r\nMinistry of environment in India showed no consequences refering study of e-waste, but the ministry admits that a 100 % controls of the boundary lines is non possible. What complicate the job is that computing machine waste, which does non hold any resale or reuse value, is openly destroy or disposed off in landfills.\r\nAlthough it is ticklish to cognize precisely how much e-waste collected for recycling is exported, it appears that India or developing states in Asia or Africa are most likely to have e-waste. In these country, kids and grownups are non have oning safety to level the e-waste in order to sell salvageable points. The remainder of the stuffs are burning at the staket-out or buried. In Ghana, China and India, ma ny of the workers are kids, possibly well exposed to these risky stuffs ( Kevin, 2007 )[ 9 ].3. Management of E-waste in Malaysia.Malaysia has been seting a batch of attempt to eliminate this job before it gets relentless and out of control. â€Å" The ‘Recycle ad hominem computer ‘ run, spearheaded by the standstill of the Computer and Multimedia In circulatery of Malaysia ( PIKOM ) and waste direction company Alam plant Sdn. Bhd[ 10 ], is picking up steam since its launch in meet 2005 ” ( Vatis, 2005 ) . This run aims to make environmental consciousness by promoting the earth and administrations to recycle individualised computers and the peripherals. Between the period of March 10 and April 30, 2005, Alam Flora has collected 816 computing machines and peripherals. This includes 194 computing machine proctors, 147 cardinal treating units ( CPUs ) 428 pressmans, and 47 assorted own(prenominal) computer atoms ( Karim, 2005 )\r\nPanasonic Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. is among the first corporations to reply the call to recycle when it handed over 60 used Personal computers and laptops to Alam Flora within a hebdomad from establishing the Personal computer recycling run. The Nipponese engineering big besides pledged to donate more Personal computers to the Recycle PC run each clip its embarks on a Personal computer upgrading exercising. Alam Flora has assigned aggregation points and recycling centres all over the state for people to drop off their old Personal computers ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) .\r\nMalaysia is non a finish for others states put their e-waste. The non-systematic exportation and disposal of e-waste will give menace to our environment. Because of that, Department of Environmental is undergoing a research on ‘take dorsum policy ‘ specifically for promote the manufacturing business companies to take back the electric and electronic that do non desire to be used any longer for being recycle or dispose in safety ways ( Douglas, 2010 ) .\r\nScrap computer/ telly/ mobile phone and other e-waste\r\nFree/ sell\r\nScrap aggregator\r\nMiddlemen/ junkshops\r\nRecycling concentres\r\n2nd handwriting point\r\nDisposal installation Sell\r\ne-waste recylers\r\nPre-treatment ( separation )\r\nScrap plastics/ others\r\nNatural stuffs\r\nMain board\r\nElectronic constituent\r\nExport market/ reassembling\r\nLocal market\r\nRe-furnish/ recondition\r\nrecycling\r\nFigure 1: Materials flows of e-waste in Malaya\r\n( Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2005 )\r\nPresently, â€Å" there are 138 e-waste recuperation installations in Malaysia. 16 out of them are the skilful retrieval installations and the other are the partial recovery installations ” ( Rahman, 2008 ) . The chief engineering employed to retrieve e-wastes in footings of cherished metal in Malaysia is still limited to wet chemical procedures and electrolysis.StatePartial recovery installationFull recovery installationJohor\r\n17\r\n3\r\ nKedah\r\n12\r\n1\r\nMelaka\r\n12\r\n3\r\nNegeri Sembilan\r\n5\r\n1\r\nPerak\r\n4\r\n0\r\nPulau Pinang\r\n37\r\n6\r\nSarawak\r\n5\r\n0\r\nSelangor\r\n25\r\n2\r\nWilayah persekutuan\r\n5\r\n0\r\nEntire\r\n122\r\n16\r\n overbearing sum\r\n138\r\nTable 1: distribution of e-waste recovery installations in Malaysia. ( Rahman, 2008 )\r\nBut some of them that do non change of location to recycle are required to be transported by accredited contractors and dispose off in the centralised scheduled waste intervention and disposal installation in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. ( Theng, L. C. , 2008 )[ 11 ]\r\nThe Bukit Nanas Waste Management Centre in Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Sembilan, has the state ‘s sole landfill for risky waste. Here waste that has been treated, stabilized and packed in membranophones or lasting plastic bags are buried in the landfill.4. Effectss On Environment And Human HealthHarmonizing to Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , more than 3.2 million dozenss of e-w aste ended up in us landfills. European surveies appraisal that the volume of e-waste is lifting by 3 % to 5 % per twelvemonth, or so three times faster than municipal waste watercourse. Therefore, early action demands in order to undertake this job before it is touring up in our state.\r\nFrom Basel Action Network ( BAN ) , estimate that the 500 million computing machines in the universe contain 2.87 billion kgs of plastics, 716.7 million kg of lead and 286700 kg of quicksilver. Table 2 shows some of the risky stuff that contain in the computing machine and their effects to human and the environment.\r\nHazardous stuff\r\nLocation\r\nEffectss\r\n bunk\r\nSoldering of printed circuit boards and other electronic constituent\r\nGlass panels in computing machine proctors ( cathode rays tubing )\r\nDamage to the cardinal and peripheral nervous system, beginning system and kidney in homo.\r\neffects to the hormone system\r\nnegative effects on the development of the encephalon in k ids have been good documented ( Howell, 2001 ) .\r\n cadmium\r\nSMD bit resistances, infrared sensors and semiconducting materials.\r\nPossible hazard of irreversible effects on human wellness ( Howell, 2001 ) .\r\nEasily be accumulated in sums that cause symptoms of poisoning\r\nMercury\r\nBatteries, switches/ lodging, and printed wiring board.\r\nCauses chronic harm to the encephalon.\r\nPolyvinyl Chloride\r\n( PVC )\r\nCabling and computing machine lodging.\r\nCause of dioxin[ 12 ]formation.\r\nBrominated Flame Retardant\r\nPrinted circuit board\r\nact as endocrinal disrupters\r\ncause an increased hazard of malignant neoplastic disease to the digestive and lymph systems\r\ncut down degrees of the endocrine tetraiodothyronine[ 13 ]in open rectify beings.\r\nTable 2: toxic chemicals contain and their effects ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) .\r\nAssorted scientific observations indicate that polybrominated diphenylethers ( PBDE ) might chance upon as endocrinal disrupters. The degree s of PBDEs in â€Å" human knocker milk are duplicating every five old ages and this has prompted concern because of the consequence of these chemicals in immature vivacious beings ” ( Howell, 2001 )\r\nIn add-on, administration for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1993 province that hexavalent Cr besides exists in some of e-waste. It can easy go through through membranes of cells. It causes strong allergic reactions even in little concentrations. Asthmatic bronchitis is another allergic reaction â€Å" cerebrate to chromium VI. Chromium VI may besides do DNA harm ” ( Howell, 2001 )\r\nThe incineration, land-filling, and illegal dumping of electronic wastes all contribute toxic chemicals to the environment. Environmental impacts includes taint of all local environmental media like dirt, air, surface H2O and land H2O. For illustration, the primary risky recycling operations in Guiyu involve ;\r\n argentiferous recovery that involves in unfastened combustion o f wires to go steel and Cu, cathode beam tubing checking to obtain copper-laden yokes, deplorable and combustion of circuit boards to take solder and cut friess, and acid depriving french friess for gold.\r\nPlastic recycling through splintering and thaw ; and\r\ndumping of stuffs that can non be further processed ( such as take CRT glass and burned circuit boards ) and residues from recycling operations such as ashes from unfastened burn operations, spent acerb baths, and sludges ( Yan, et Al, 2009 ) .\r\nChildren in Guiyu were found to hold blood lead degrees ( BLL ) that were significantly higher than those in the adjacent small town. Elevated BLLs in Guiyu kids were common as a consequence of exposure to take taint caused by crude e-waste recycling activities ( Xia, 2007 ) .. Prevents Options To constrict The E-wastesIn this subdivision, some actions that can be adopted are reviewed. Almost all of these\r\nactions have to be carried out at the same time. Someof them are tar geted to make a wider\r\nconsciousness amongst the end-users.Adhering buying with take-back merchandise dutyThe purpose of drawn-out manufacturer duty is to promote manufacturers to â€Å" forestall pollution and cut down resource and energy usage in each phase of the merchandise life rhythm through alterations in merchandise project and procedure engineering â€Å" ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . Hence, the manufacturers have a not bad(p) trade of duty to take back their merchandises and recycle them at the terminal of the merchandises ‘ operational lives. It puts full fiscal duty on manufacturers to put up aggregation, recycling and disposal systems.\r\nIn Malaysia, suited â€Å" take outline on e-waste will heighten the direction of e-waste ” ( Rahman, 2008 ) . He province that Voluntary take back dodge of e-wastes has non been implemented widely by the producer/ importer of electronic and electrical equipment, therefore a mandatory demand of return dorsum strate gy through statute law is required.Political campaign to increase consciousnessIf E-waste causes jobs, the first precedence should be to cut down its coevals. In this respect, â€Å" consumers in exporting states should alter their life styles ” ( Moriguchi et al, 2006 )\r\nOther we can make by giving some â€Å" payoff to the populace to promote them affect in 3R and the return is non necessary in sort of money ” ( Iswalah, 2008 ) .\r\nThe end-user should reach the local or province authorities representatives, â€Å" explain to them why he or she is concerned and intercommunicate them to acquire involved in developing solutions ” ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) .\r\nâ€Å" By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organisations, and lower-income households can afford to utilize equipment that they differently could non afford ” ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) .Swiss Association for the Information, Communication and Organizational Technologies ( SW ICO ) systemThis system compared to other is one of the most best direction of e-waste nowadays.The system considers material flows related to electronic equipment from the point where it becomes waste until the point where the fractions ensuing from screening, leveling, recycling and disposal processes become secondary natural stuffs or are disposed of in a landfill ( Doka, 2003 ) .\r\nSo, how its work? Harmonizing to muser and Esther ( 2009 ) , Manual dismantlement is the first measure, more handed-down manner to divide risky stuffs from reclaimable stuffs, and to bring forth reclaimable stuffs from electronic waste. In a pre-sorting procedure, the incoming e-waste foremost is separated into the different classs.\r\nThen, mechanic dismantlement, the typical constituents of it works oppressing units, shredders, magnetic centrifuges and air centrifuges. The tick gases are clean up in waste gas purification workss and the dust generated collected with dust filters.\r\nAnd for ref inement, it is included mechanical, thermic and chemical procedures and typically performed for fractions such as batteries, ferric and non-ferrous metal, reclaimable plastic and printed boards.MethodologyMost of the methodological analysis of my research proposal is by reservation library and internet research. It is of import to acquire land information and to analyze the past research. It is besides utile to do the literature reappraisal. I will decease through some of the diaries, articles, studies and undertakings at that place.\r\nTo acquire better apprehension, I will acquire some interviews with the workers at Department of Environtment ( DOE ) to acquire inside informations informations close how e-waste is pull offing in Malaysia and by and rotund around the world.. I besides will travel for interview with Prof. Aghamuthu[ 14 ]( lector in UM ) for his sentiments. By utilizing recording equipment, all the conversations and duologues will be recorded.\r\n ken is besides utile to acquire the information. It will be distributed them to the workers that work in landfill site particularly in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. The study contain more on look intoing their organic structure ‘s wellness and to be related with the symptoms due to toxic discarded from e-waste.\r\n target visit besides involved in my methodological analysis. It will take up to a to the full twenty-four hours for me to see all the procedure. It is besides to do certain that I will non go forth behind all the of import information. Along the visit, camera will be used to take exposures at that place to assist me acquire a better analysis.Expected end productThere still a batch of issues that should be see in pull offing the e-waste..Work PlanThe work program start in hebdomad three and it takes about 11 hebdomads to complete it.WeeksActions3\r\nChoose the rubify\r\nTo do certain that the rubric is non to contract or wide, and to do certain it can be done on the clip given.\ r\n4-7\r\nLibrary and internet research\r\nBy collected, take note, and borrows the stuffs from them before farther analyse.\r\n8-10\r\nreappraisal and Analyse informations\r\nForm all the information into the pull of research proposal and associate the information of one course session to another.\r\n11-13\r\nPresentation work\r\nFix the err that summarize the research proposal.\r\n14\r\nSubmit study\r\nMake some fix on the lack and remark from presentation.BudgetEstimated budget:ItemPrice ( RM )Transportation system\r\n†for fuel and public transit\r\n100.00\r\nPrints\r\n†for study ‘s paper, and all the reading stuffs that can non be borrowed.\r\n20.00\r\nGift\r\n†for interviewers\r\n30.00\r\nentire\r\n150.00\r\n'