Unionization of a Parker-Hannifin Corp Research Paper

Unionization of a Parker-Hannifin Corp - Research Paper Example This creates ways that are more sustainable getting materials and people, to places that they want to go. The employees are free to join labor unions. However, the employees and management must agree on collective bargaining. In case of a strike, the workers have to reach to a tentative agreement with the management, like the case in Toronto, where an agreement was reached hours after extending deadline of the strike, on June 23, 2010 (Bennett, 2009). Bennett claims that the company’s spokesman, John Arnone had failed to give an accord details with two workers of the Canadian Auto, who represented 2,700 office and production workers. Other strikes that were solved by unionization and management negotiations were in 2000, where job security and pension negotiations collapsed. Parker-Hannifin is concerned with the manufacture of design, and marketing of systems and components for users and builders of durable goods. On June 30, 1987, Bennett assess that the company had 28,708 em ployees, where only 6.5% (18570 were union members. In this company, there is no collective bargaining between the management and the employees, on issues concerning them. The company’s labor rules and practices are practiced as per the management’s will, without any agreement with the employees. This has really down played the employees welfare, while the company reaps substantial benefits. What are the differences in the bargaining powers of employees between the two companies? And, what are their bargaining items?

Morality and the crucible Essay Example for Free

Morality and the crucible Essay Morality is the distinction between right and wrong. It is the determination of what should be done and what should not be done; or what is right and what is wrong. Morals deal with behaviors as well as motives. All humans live by some set of morals especially religious people. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, this is clearly evident. It is about the puritan town of Salem, Massachusetts and the hunt for witches. Many people are falsely accused of witchcraft. Throughout this account of history key characters have to make choices that challenge their beliefs and ethics. They must decide whether to do what is right, and fight against a lie, or do what’s wrong and give in to the lie to save their own lives. Elizabeth Proctor is one of those who fought for the truth, therefore she; in my opinion is the most moral character in the story. Elizabeth is the wife of John Proctor; reserved, honest, slow to complain, and dutiful. She and her husband share a similarly strict adherence to justice and moral principles. She has great confidence in her own morality and in the ability of a person to maintain a sense of righteousness even when this principle conflicts with strict Christian doctrine. She is well known throughout the village for being a very Christian woman, knowing all her commandments. Whenever her husband is confused or indecisive about something, she leads him onto the path of justice. For example, she urges him to stop the witch trials by revealing the truth about Abigail’s sinful, deceitful ways. When Her husband has to decide whether to be killed or confess to witchcraft, she doesn’t want him to give into a corrupt and unjust society. Although she doesn’t wish to lose her husband, she still doesn’t sidestep her morals and beliefs. Even at the end, when Proctor decides to die instead of signing a confession that would have been a lie, she doesn’t try to fight his decision but shows respect for his righteous choice when she says, He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! † This shows that not only her own, but her husbands morals as well, were important to her. Out of all the characters in the Crucible, Elizabeth proved to be the most moral. In a society where it’s either, accuse or be accused, she chose to stick to her morals even if it meant her demise. She made a decision that was righteous in her eyes. â€Å"Often in true tests of moral character where people are tempted to deceive, be dishonest, or take advantage of each other, there are few who truly succeed. † This statement proved true, especially during the witch hunt, but Elizabeth Proctor was able to come out as one who succeeded in standing her grounds and protecting her morality.

Social Conflicts in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn – Social Conflicts    Mark Twain was known as a humorist and in fact, humor was a tool he used to strengthen his points about what he saw as the major problems of the day.   Living at the time of the Civil War, he clearly saw and chose to address such problems as slavery, child abuse, religion and feuds.   In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain expresses his loathing for some of these serious social problems and yet in general, he never loses his humorous touch.   Nonetheless, when he deals with the ills of society that particularly anger him, he chooses not to use humor; rather this is reserved for other areas of his work.    One of the social problems that Mark Twain addresses in Huckleberry Finn is child abuse.   Huck is abused by Pap many times during the book and is even locked into a cabin by Pap.   Pap also tries to steal Huck's six thousand dollars, and beats Huck frequently, which results in Huck running away.   Pap puts down the idea of Huck getting an education.  Ã‚   Twain does use humor in his descriptions of some of the interactions between Pap and Huck.   For example, the scene when Pap agrees to reform and stop drinking, but ends up getting drunk and falling over is actually funny, but tells us a lot about Pap's character.   Twain generally found the kind of behavior he described through the character of Pap to be disgusting, and by painting a humorous picture of the situation he emphasized his dislike of it.   The humor perhaps made Pap seem even less sympathetic.    Another social problem that Mark Twain addresses in the book is slavery and treatment of black people in general.   Jim, who is a black slave, is treated like a piece of property.   For example, he is forced to practice Christianity, which actually seems to be the opposite of Christian values.   Jim is also forcefully separated from his family and has no legal recourse to get them back.   Jim is very superstitious, and Huck, who knows this, puts a dead snake, (representing bad luck) at the bottom of Jim's bed and Jim gets bitten.   Even Huck, at this point in the book, threats Jim as less than human.

My Last Duchess Essay

In the Poem My Last Duchess by Robert Browning the heartless and haughty speaker explains a painting of his last wife while inadvertently revealing a darker side to his last marriage than one might view from they outside. The poem depicts a dense stream of conscious feel to it by using language and sentence structure common to conversation earlier to the time period it was written. The use of â€Å"’twas not† , and the English spelling of â€Å"favour† suggests the poem occurred in a time period in which husbands held power over their wives with such things as â€Å"nine-hundred-years-old names† and money. Browning’s great usage of dated speaking style creates a historical medium from which the event which slowly unfold. The poem is masked in a conversation with one person speaking in a dramatic monologue about his beloved portrait of the last duchess he married. The rhetorical questions â€Å"Who’d†¦ this sort of trifling† and end rhymes in the couplets throughout the poem â€Å"wall†¦ call† and â€Å"had†¦ glad† drive the poem from one line to the next . These techniques create motion in the poem much like the anger and arrogance that the Duke exerted towards his deceased wife to control her. The diction of this poem mirrors the force with which the Duke ruled his house as well as the social male norms at the time. The poem My Last Duchess is told from first point of view by a selfish man admiring his late wife’s smiling portrait. As the Duke entertains his guest, â€Å"you†, he tells of â€Å"My favour† after contemplating â€Å"how shall I say? † that his wife flirted with all she encountered. The biased first person account of the death of the duchess leads the reader into the center of the man’s thoughts and allows for a more in depth understanding of his desire for control toward his wife even in death. His dramatic monologue gives perhaps more information concerning the specifics of his involvement in wife’s death than he realizes. The quotations incorporated within the poem such as â€Å"Just this or that in you disgusts me† and â€Å"Her mantle laps over my Lady’s wrist too much† as well as the direct address â€Å"Sir, ’twas all one† to the guest shows the Dukes self-important attitude and his high regards for the thoughts which he believes others are thinking. The Duke boasts that he now holds the power to let others see the smile of the portrait that was meant only for him. He gets so enthralled with his own story of his wife he reveals that his â€Å"commands† ended the duchess’s smiles and possibly her life. The first person point of view for this poem explains further the thirst for power and self-love which the Duke honors himself with by controlling the women and people in his life of which he feels superior. Browning illustrates the complexity of the controlling Duke by showing his carelessness and arrogance by the words he uses to impress his guest. The â€Å"Duchess painted on the wall† has a â€Å"countenance† that only can be seen by the â€Å"command† of the Duke. When the Duke believes the Duchess finds interest in other people beside her husband, The Duke, â€Å"gave a command† which stopped â€Å"all† her smiles to everyone. When the Duke could not obtain complete power over and tame his young wife, she died in a manner which is not fully explained. The â€Å"Duke† with the â€Å"nine-hundred-year† old name is meeting with a man that is offering the Duke his â€Å"daughter† another young maiden for marriage. This offer of marriage is gladly accepted by the Duke no doubt is eager to attempt to tame yet another â€Å"sea-horse† of a wife. For the Duke this marriage is a trial of the subservience of women to their wealthy and powerful husbands. The details given in this poem bring forth the conclusion that the Duke got rid of his last Duchess and is now ready for a new one. The title of the poem My Last Duchess suggests that the Duke had had more than one Duchess. Had the poem illustrated the Dukes first wife it could have been titled My First Duchess. The startling â€Å"command† line toward the end of the poem lets the reader realize that this man has the power to make a woman be remembered by nothing more than a portrait controlled by the master of the house. This poem has themes commonly found in the local color movement and associated with feminism. Browning gives the audience a picture of the dark and distorted beginning of a new couple and marriage.

Choice of Vertical Firm Boundaries

ETC has been the dominating theoretical lens for analyzing firm boundary design choices. Further research reported several limitations to ETC. The Limitations Include low explanatory power of ETC In industries characterized by weak price competition (Nickering and Silverman 2003) and innovative environment (Welter and Evolves 2008) . The relationship between uncertainty and vertical integration has also been challenged (Dyer 1 996, Hotter 2005, schilling and statesman 2002, walker and Weber 1984,Welter and Evolves 2008). Other limitation of Tee's explanatory power is its narrow level of analysis. ETC looks at â€Å"one transaction at a time†, therefore it neglects interdependencies of boundary choices and is not sufficient to explain the overall firm boundaries. A number of papers elaborated on that deficiency (e. G. Argyles and Liabilities 1 999, Parmigianino and Mitchell 2009). Capabilities approach provides a complementary explanation to understanding firm boundary choices. Tech (1986, 996) argues that decisions of firm scope are related to firm capabilities and profiting from them in the best way. Capabilities approach scholars propose that firms focus on functions that represent the core of their competitive advantage based on superior capabilities and resources formed over time as a result of path-dependent learning process, and outsource non-core capabilities (e. G. Aragua et al. 2003). Further they argue that firms tend to specialize in activities where they have some comparative advantage Cabooses

Presidential power and the power to vote.

Presidential power and the power to vote. In the current state of affairs, I believe that the President has become too powerful of a position if the man/woman in office is not experienced enough to make good decisions for our country. In the past, the President's power over our country has been held well by well selected candidates. However, the recent selection has been of poor quality compared to other elections of the past. Because of this we have a president in office that is incapable of handling the power we have given him. As an example we can look at our current President, George Bush.George Bush is incapable of even understanding simple words and yet we elected him. In his first term he made many mistakes and it was obvious he was being influenced incorrectly by other people. Also he doesn't understand what he's talking about most of the time and makes bad decisions.The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)A good example of his abuse of power was declaring war on a country that has no effect on our country and di sregarding the UN. Although this whole situation can not be blamed solely on him, it does show a lack of judgment on the government as a whole.If the people of our country are better educated on politics and of the power of there vote, the higher of a chance we will have President who can handle his power. Let alone we might have more people running for presidency who are more for the people and less for them self. I personally believe that the power of the President is well set. I also think it's up to the people to make sure we elect a person who is capable to handle the powers set upon him. We should try to influence more people to take the initiative...

Pestle Nike Essay Example

Pestle Nike Essay Example Pestle Nike Paper Pestle Nike Paper Nike is the leading footwear company in the world. PEST Analysis sums up how the companys business strategies fare in the macro environmental level. Nike, Inc. is an incorporated company that designs, develops and markets worldwide athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories. Nike employs both traditional and non-traditional distribution channels in almost 200 countries with primary market regions in the United States, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Americas. Nike has some 20,000 retailers worldwide including Nike factory stores, Nike stores, NikeTowns, Cole Haan stores, and Web sites which sell Nikes sports and leisure products. Nike accounts for 33% of the global market share in the athletic footwear industry. Political Analysis The government must create economic policies that will foster the growth of businesses. Nike, fortunately, has been helped by the US policies which enable it to advance its products. The support accorded to Nike by the US government, particularly in the general macroeconomic stability, low interest rates, stable currency conditions and the international competitiveness of the tax system, form the foundation critical to Nike’s growth. Economic Analysis In economy, the biggest threat for Nike would be economic recession. During recession, Nike’s growth will be adversely affected. The US economy is experiencing a downturn right now. Consumer purchases are slowing down. Currently, Nikes feeling the pinch of the economic recession. The Asian economic crisis also affects Nike since its goods are manufactured in Asia. The labor costs and material prices are going up. Nikes growth is not just affected by the local economy but also in the international economy. A weak Euro and an Asian recession could mean weak sales for Nike. The overall results in the sales generated by Nike in athletic footwear, however, remained stable. The global market makes up for the variances in sales particularly between peak and lean seasons. Society Analysis People are more health conscious nowadays. Diet and health are getting more prominence. Consequently, more and more people are joining fitness clubs. There is an accompanying demand for fitness products particularly exercise apparel, shoes and equipment. Nike is at the forefront of this surge in demand as people are looking for sports shoes, apparel and equipment. Nike, however, failed to foresee problems brought about by a sweatshop expose pertaining to labor and factory conditions at production locations in Asia. This caused bad publicity and declining sales as society and consumers demand more socially responsible companies. Technology Analysis Nike uses IT in its marketing information systems very effectively. Nike applies marketing information systems to the economics of innovation, segmentation and differentiation for most of its businesses. Nike’s leadership status owes in large part to the use of extremely valuable Information Technology, and applying it to every aspect of the product from development to distribution. Nike, being the world leader in the athletic footwear industry, is able to effectively harness its environment to boost its marketing efforts. This strategy has translated into robust sales of Nikes products.

5 Key Tips for How to Potty Train a Puppy Effectively

5 Key Tips for How to Potty Train a Puppy Effectively SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Potty training a puppy is a sometimes messy, but ultimately rewarding process. And with a little know-how and a regular potty routine, you'll be able to get your pup on the right track and keep both your pup and your home happy, comfortable, and clean. So let's look at the ins and outs of how to potty train a puppy: creating a proper potty training routine, setting a potty schedule, and reacting when the inevitable accident occurs. How to Potty Train a Puppy: The Fundamentals Helping your puppy develop trustworthy potty behavior is a crucial part of taking in a new fluffy family member. And it's best to start as soon as possible so that you can establish good behavior early on. Always remember that your new puppy will come to you completely ignorant of the rules and proper protocol of the house. You're teaching behavioral guidelines from the ground up. It's your job to teach your pup where and when mealtimes happen, where and when bedtime and playtime happens, and, of course, where and when to go to potty. So don't be surprised (or angry!) if the first thing your pup tries to do when it comes home is urinate on the carpet- your pup just doesn't know the lay of the land yet. To teach your new puppy the rules of the house, you'll want to give plenty of guided opportunities for the behavior you want to see and also interrupt and redirect any unwanted behavior. Applying this to potty habits, you'll need to guide and provide your dog with opportunities to eliminate in the right places and interrupt unwanted elimination whenever you see it. Though accidents will happen, proper potty training is about minimizing them whenever possible. So not only should you give opportunities for your dog to perform the desired behavior (in this case pottying in the right places), but reasons for your dog to do so. Dogs repeat behaviors that have rewarded them in the past, and they develop routines just like people do. Your job is to make pottying in the right place more rewarding to your dog than pottying in undesirable locations. If they get rewards for going where you want them to go and nothing for doing it anywhere else, then they're going to keep pottying in the "right" places so they can keep those rewards coming! Now that we've covered the basics, let's go into more depth about exactly how to potty train a dog. #1: Prepare Your Home for Potty Training a Puppy Before you even bring your new puppy home, there are a few things you'll need to purchase to make potty training go as smoothly as possible. When it comes to house training you'll need three things for your new pup: containment, a designated bathroom area, and a reward. Containment Dogs are naturally averse to soiling their den-space. Ultimately, your goal is to teach your dog that the whole house is you and your pup's extra large den. To start this process, keep your puppy contained indoors or in your direct line of sight at all times. You'll need to restrict your puppy's free movement around the house so that you can prevent any accidents from occurring (and any bad habits from forming). As your dog gets older and more trustworthy, you can extend this free play time until your dog is free to roam the house most of the time. Containment can be a dog crate, a baby gate to contain the puppy in a particular room or area, or a puppy den/playpen. You might even use multiple types of containment depending on the time of day. For example, you may use a crate at night during bedtime and a puppy playpen during the day. As long as the space is limited and your puppy spends a good deal of time there, your pup will start to feel like that space is their den area. The more at home your pup feels in a space, the more reluctant they'll be to soil it. Bathroom Area You're really teaching your pup two different concepts when you potty train them: where to go to the bathroom, and where not to go to the bathroom. Teaching your dog where to go to the bathroom is much simpler than teaching them the ten thousand places not to go. Your dog will start to understand where to go potty if you take your pup to the same spot for every potty break. If you're using a wee mat, then always keep the mat in the same place and bring your puppy there for each bathroom break. If you're teaching your pup to go potty outside, always bring your pup (on a leash!) to the same spot each and every time. Wherever you choose to take them, this will soon become their "bathroom spot." And they'll soon learn that it's time to go potty whenever you lead them there. Reward Nothing says "job well done" better than a reward! For potty training purposes, praise, treats, and gentle pats act as rewards of good elimination behavior. In the first few weeks of house training, try to give your pup both praise and a dog treat for every successful elimination. As your pup gets older and more used to eliminating in the right place, you can start giving treats less often. But always remember to congratulate your pup every time! #2: Use a Cue Word to Show Your Puppy When to Potty To help your pup know what to do during potty breaks, it's best to connect the act with a cue word or phrase. That way, your pup will learn that the cue word means it's time to go. And, eventually, you'll also be able to ask your pup to go potty on command. The phrase or word can be anything you'd like it to be, such as "go potty" or "do your business." So long as it's a phrase you don't use in normal conversation, any phrase will work. Begin the process by saying the phrase just as your dog is starting to eliminate. (Note: say the cue gently enough that your pup doesn't get startled or distracted and stop!) Use the cue word every single time your pup eliminates in the right spot. Once you feel that your pup has connected the cue word with the action of eliminating (usually after 2 or 3 days), begin saying the cue word just as your pup starts to get into "potty position," but before your pup starts to actually eliminate. You're shifting the phrase to cue the behavior just before it occurs. That way, your dog will learn that the cue word means it's time to eliminate. Once you feel confident that your pup knows the cue acts as a command to eliminate (usually after a week or two of repetition), give the cue word before your pup even gets into position. Now you're signaling to your dog: "it's time to go!" even before they've thought of doing it themselves. If your pup doesn't eliminate on cue (or make an attempt to eliminate), then take a step back in the process and try again. Eventually, they'll connect the phrase with the command to potty. #3: Rely on Positive Reinforcement When Housebreaking a Puppy Lets talk a little more about rewards- positive reinforcement is a major part of how to potty train a puppy. As we've mentioned, dogs will quickly learn to repeat any behavior that results in a reward, which is a technique known as "positive reinforcement." If always going to the bathroom in the proper place gets your pup a reward (and eliminating inside never does), then your pup is going to want to start pottying in the proper place. With positive reinforcement, both consistency and timing are key. You'll want to praise and reward your pup every time you see the desired behavior, exactly when the behavior occurs. If you don't time the reward properly, your pup might believe the reward is connected to a separate behavior. For instance, if you give a reward too late, your puppy might think it's being rewarded for stopping peeing or stepping away from the potty area, rather than for eliminating in the right spot. Because timing for positive reinforcement is so crucial, it's a good idea to connect a word or a sound with a desired behavior (and its subsequent reward). That way, your dog knows it's being rewarded for the correct behavior and not something else. For example, if you say the word "yes!" or use another consistent noise like a clicker and then always give your dog a treat, your dog will connect the sound to the reward. Then, you can use that connection between "positive noise" and "reward" during potty training. While your dog is eliminating, use the "reward" sound to let your dog know that that particular behavior is the one that's being rewarded. That way, your pup still connects the proper behavior to the reward, even if it takes you an extra second or two to give your puppy the treat. By combining your go-potty cue word with your positive-reward signal, your potty training routine will eventually look like this: "Go potty!" *dog eliminates* "Yes!" *treat* #4: Set a Potty Training Schedule For the first few weeks, expect to take your puppy to go potty upwards of 10 to 15 times a day. When to take your puppy to go potty: First thing in the morning Immediately after each meal Immediately after your pup wakes up from a nap Regularly throughout the day and evening (every hour to every few hours) Right before bed What does it mean to take your puppy out "regularly" during the day? Begin by taking your puppy to the same designated potty area once every hour. Whether this is to a specific spot outside or to a wee mat, keep the location consistent to help acclimate your pup to going in a specific place. (Special note: avoid setting a loud timer to remind yourself to take your puppy out- your puppy will likely start associating the sound with potty time and it could lead to some accidents in the house if you're not careful!) Always wait until your pup has eliminated before going back inside. There will be a lot of "waiting around" time for both you and your pup during the first few weeks of potty training and you'll just have to be patient. Sometimes your pup will be reluctant to pee outside or on the wee mat for any number of reasons, and you may want to give up and just go inside. But it's very common that a puppy will spend 5 or 10 minutes doing nothing outside and then come straight inside and pee on the floor (argh!). So patience is the key to success. Eventually, your puppy will learn that eliminating in the right place (and doing so quickly!) brings a quicker reward. For every month, increase the time between outings by an hour. So you'll go from one to two hours, then three, and four, and so on, up to a maximum time of eight hours between bathroom breaks. If you notice that your pup is having more accidents or is otherwise signaling to go outside, go back the previous schedule and reduce the time between potty trips. As a general rule of thumb, puppies can hold their bladders for about an hour for every one month of age, up to eight hours. So a two-month-old puppy can hold its bladder for about two hours and a five-month-old puppy can hold its bladder for about five hours. No puppy (or grown dog) should be expected to hold its bladder for more than eight hours unless it's overnight. Do take note that this rule mostly applies to medium and larger breed dogs (over 30 lbs). Small dogs simply can't hold their bladders as long as larger dogs can, and this applies extra for puppies. So if you have a small breed puppy, subtract an hour or two from the estimate. A five-month-old Chihuahua puppy, for example, can reasonably hold its bladder for three to four hours. For the first three or four months- or even longer for smaller breeds- you'll also likely need to take your puppy outside or to the wee mat in the middle of the night or very early in the morning (think 4 or 5 AM). Small puppies just can't last the whole night without needing a bathroom break or soiling their sleeping area. So, even though it's annoying to have to get up in the middle of the night, you must do so for your pup. For the sake of your puppy (and your house) always respond promptly to your puppy's signals to go outside. #5: Give Your Puppy Free Play Time After your pup has eliminated in the proper place, you can allow 15 - 90 minutes of free, un-contained time (depending on how old your puppy is and how long your pup can hold its bladder). Make sure you keep your eyes on your puppy during this time to help prevent any accidents. After free time is over, invite your pup to go into the puppy den or contained area until it's time for the next potty break. "Free play" time should be only a fraction of as long as your puppy can reasonable hold its bladder. So if your puppy can only last for an hour until the next potty break, let free play time be a maximum of 15 minutes. If your pup can last four hours, let free play time be 50 or 60 minutes. Just because your pup can last for four hours between potty breaks doesn't mean it wants to unless confined to a space it's reluctant to soil. So don't invite temptation for your pup to eliminate in the house by allowing your puppy too much free time. Establishing a regular potty routine with your pup will help minimize accidents, as will learning how to interpret your dog's signals. It's common for dogs to circle, sniff at the ground, move to a corner of a room, whine, or scratch at doors to signal that they're about to relieve themselves or to indicate that they want to go outside. You'll have to figure out your own dog's personal signals and keep a sharp eye out. #6: Deal With House Training Accidents Calmly Accidents will inevitably happen while house training a puppy, so don't get too discouraged. And knowing how to properly handle and move on from potty training accidents is just as important as teaching the correct behavior. If you catch your puppy going to the bathroom where it shouldn't, interrupt the behavior as quickly as you can. Clap your hands, give a small cry, or say an "uh-un!" command to stop the dog from continuing. Your goal isn't to punish or frighten your dog, merely to stop the behavior. Immediately take your puppy to the designated "potty area" to finish, and give praise and a treat as normal when the deed is done. If you find evidence of a potty accident after the fact and don't catch your pup in the act, simply clean up the mess as soon as possible and move on. Make sure to use a bio-enzyme cleaner to remove any traces of pheromones or other odors in order to prevent your pup from targeting the same spot over and over. Although it can be frustrating to have a puppy who has accidents or to find urine or feces in corners of your home, never punish your dog retroactively. Dogs don't understand the connection between their earlier behavior and a later punishment. Dogs only understand a correction if you catch them in the act of doing something wrong and you interrupt that wrong behavior. So don't yell at your puppy, try to make them feel "guilty," or bring them over to the accident area to "confront" the mess; these actions won't have any positive effect on your pup's potty training and will only upset and confuse your dog. So, instead of yelling at your dog, take accidents as an indicator that you need to more carefully monitor your puppy's schedule and behavior. Your dog may need to go out a little more often than you had thought or need a smaller space when restricted so that they won't want to soil their "den" area. How Long Until a Dog Is Fully Potty Trained? House training is a long process and many trainers say that a dog is only considered "fully potty trained" if the dog has gone more than a year without having an accident indoors. For some dogs, it can take upwards of two or three years to reach this point. But most dogs are reasonably well potty trained by 12 to 18 months. And larger breed dogs (80 lbs+) tend to pick up on potty training faster than smaller dogs. If your puppy starts to have a higher number of accidents than before, take a step back in your potty training. Regression is common, so don't get discouraged if it happens. So if you'd been waiting four hours between potty breaks for your four-month-old puppy, then go back to three hours between breaks. Potty training isn't a race and each puppy will be different. Be patient with your pup and with yourself and you'll get there in the end. How to Potty Train a Puppy: 6 Steps When housebreaking a puppy, follow these guidelines: #1: Give your puppy a contained home space and a specific bathroom space.#2: Use a cue word to indicate to your dog that it's time to potty.#3: Set a clear potty training schedule.#4: Use treats and positive reinforcement to encourage your dog's progress.#5: Give your puppy a little free play time but not so much that their tempted to potty inside.#6: Interrupt dogs who are going to the bathroom in the house, but don't punish them retroactively. This guide covers all the basics of how to potty train a puppy, but don't hesitate to ask at your local pet store or doggy day care (or even dog park) if you have more questions!

On U.S. Foreign Policies Towards the Third World Essay

On U.S. Foreign Policies Towards the Third World - Essay Example Another issue noted is the effect of the US interference on stable countries which include Libya and Egypt. For a long time these two Arabic dominated countries have had the best economies in Africa. However, due to some deemed selfish interference from the US the presidents were removed from power, Muammar Gaddafi was killed as the Egypt president was detained. At the moment the two are still in wrangles and the US is nowhere to be seen. According to Henry (1999), many third world countries rely on the US for aide to facilitate various projects in the respective countries. This has put them in awkward positions as they have to ensure that they do things that are in line with the US references. US has been accused of being biased in political issues and favoring certain candidates. On January, 2013 before the Kenyan presidential elections Johnnie Carson, the US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs warned Kenyan from voting the candidates with cases at the ICC. This was highly criticized as it showed partisan in the elections and it served to show how biased the US can be at

Regarding Consolidation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Regarding Consolidation - Essay Example focused on the performance, duration, management and commitment needed for a company’s success and to take measures based on such facts (Sirkin, Keenan & Jackson, 2005, pp.1-5). This study clearly associated with Kotter’s consolidation as the measures are addressed towards the changes needed for the benefit of the organization. Haddad through his studies has reflected the importance of evaluation on technology advancements. He stressed on the fact that technological advancements are necessary in the improvements of organizational performance and hence ongoing management is an essential part of an organization’s management procedure (Haddad, 2002, pp.119-129). This concept also relates positively to Kotter’s consolidation as it focuses on following measures that would bring change and benefit the company through its improved performances. 2) Sirkin, H.L., Keenan, P. & A. Jackson (2005). The Hard Side of Change Management, Harvard Business Review, Retrieved on November 4, 2011 from:

Saving Our Public Schools Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Saving Our Public Schools - Assignment Example She believes that social reform is the key to solving most of the problems in the public school system, as they are a direct result of poverty and racial discrimination. Only through initiating policies that are combat poverty and segregation, could the public school system improve. She is also against the use of grades to assess teachers, proposing that their peers and principals should do the assessment. Testing of the students should also be for assessing their strengths and weaknesses and not for ranking purposes. She also recognizes the need to standardize resource allocation to be more equitable across the board as a key issue towards the improvement of public schooling. The privatization of public schooling, in Ms Ravitch’s opinion, will lead to a dual system, where those who can afford to pay for private schooling get into better schools and the poor in the society will be in mediocre schools. IN the interests of democracy, this should not happen. Ms Ravitch mainly uses a cause-and –effect organizational pattern in her essay. This features prominently throughout this text. When she links the move to privatize the public school system to the creation of a dual education system, which segregates the rich, and the poor, which further leads towards affecting the very fabric of the American democratic system, which is equality. This is one of the many examples of a multi-tier cause and effect organizational structures present in the essay. One of the uses of prepositional phrases, is evidenced in the sentence ‘They are being used by those who have an implacable hostility towards the public sector’, in this sentence the preposition is ‘towards’ which uses the modifiers ‘implacable hostility’ to show, effectively, the opinions of the move for privatizations towards the public.. Ms. Ravitch switches voice effectively between the first person and

Strategic leadership in changing world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic leadership in changing world - Essay Example They should analyze the significant initiatives to be taken by the top leaders in the company, and integrate resources in order to create organization change. Denis, Langley and Rouleau (2010, p.67) argue that strategic leaders should change their skills through implementing unique strategies that will enable them to meet the demanding needs of an organization in today’s changing business world. Michael Porter and Gary Hamel offer varied disciplines that managers or leaders should practice in order to achieve success in the global changing business. Therefore, they have employed varied approaches to the paradox of the market and resources, but organizational circumstances or the changing business world affects the choice of strategic leaders when employing their approaches. Porter and Hamel offer varied approaches that strategic leaders should follow, but some of their approaches would affect the choice of strategic decisions because of the ever-changing business environment. One of the approaches employed is the industrial organization in achieving a competitive advantage in a business entity. Hamel, the American economist in management came up with a core competency management concept in order to achieve a competitive advantage. This concept takes varied forms including technical matter of knowhow and close relationship with clients. It also takes into consideration product development or cultural aspects through employee dedication towards creating a successful business environment. The core competency strengthens the industrial relation with other organization and offers fundamental basis for adding value to products. Moreover, Hamel emphasizes that the core competency should enable strategic leaders to employ asset of effective skills or design techniques in order to deliver value to their clients. However, the core competency may affect the deliberate decision of leaders in the current business setting. This is because many companies are nowadays e mploying customer value approach as a way of achieving a competitive advantage. They emphasize on creating product value that satisfies the needs of customers; thus enabling them to become leaders in the global market (Pongsakornrungsilp and Schroeder 2011, 319). Hamel emphasize that the core competencies contributes to the advancement of worth products that meet the needs of customers. The core competency is effective because it is developed continuously with varied organizational improvements overtime. Hamel further use the industry organization approaches in explaining the way strategic leaders can achieve the core competency. The industrial organization method is a based on the financial theory, which deals with competition, distribution of resources and economies of scale issues. The hypotheses behind these  approaches are the rationality  aspects,  profit maximization and  self-discipline behaviors in the work environment. This approach is essential because leaders in the current changing business environment should understand the core competency in an industry. They should predict the future challenges and business opportunities in order to help them stay top in any varying business situations. Hamel reveals that the core competencies are developed through constant changes of brands in order to meet the demanding needs of customers in the changing business world. Therefore, in order for organizations to succeed in the emerging global market economy, they should create the core competen

Financial Status and Policy of ConocoPhillips Case Study

Financial Status and Policy of ConocoPhillips - Case Study Example Its refinement technology focuses on upgrading high-grade petroleum coke and removing sulfur. With approximately 32,700 employees in 40 countries, it has assets of $171 billion with core competencies in petroleum exploration, production, refining, supply, marketing and transportation as well as natural gas gathering and processing and chemicals and plastics production. The company has a 50 percent interest in Colorado-based natural gas liquid producer DCP Midstream, LLC and Texas-based petrochemical company Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC. This paper will provide an assessment of the existing company in terms of its current status, including stock trading and financial standing, and the issues that have significant effect on its performance. ConocoPhillips is actually the recent marriage between two pioneer oil companies in the US, Conoco Inc. and Phillips Petroleum Company. The two companies merged on August 30, 2002 amidst some speculation that the $15.5 Billion deal was a necessary move for the two contenders to avoid being out-competed by bigger petroleum companies. At the time of the merger, oil prices had taken a disastrous turn downward that threatened the survival of smaller gas companies. The merger was expected to save about $750 million in overhead costs, mostly based on planned downsizing of some of the combined roster of 58,000 employees. ("Analysts: Phillips-Conoco merge to survive," 2001) Isaac Elder Blake founded Conoco in November 25, 1875 as the Continental Oil and Transportation Co. that would bring in petroleum in bulk to the pioneers of Ogden, Utah, making it more affordable and convenient for individual use. In the course of operations, Blake developed new uses for petroleum including benzene, ready mixed paints, birthday candles and paraffin chewing wax, but the focus was more on gasoline for use in automobiles. Continental built the first filling station in the West in 1909. By 1913, Continental was the top petroleum marketer in the Rocky Mountain region and an attempt by Standard Oil to take over the company was rebuffed by order of the Supreme Court. In 1929, Continental Oil merged with Oklahoma-based Marland Oil because each company could benefit from each other's strengths, marketing know how from the former and supply of crude oil for the latter and was named Continental Oil Company, assets including 3,000 wells and retail outlets in 30 states. Conoco st ock began trading in the New York Stock Exchange in September 15, 1929, just in time for the stock market crash. The company survived only by drastically cutting overhead costs and expanding refinery capacity under the direction of Dan Moran. He was succeeded by Leonard F. McCollum who led Conoco overseas, acquiring oil fields in Dubai and retail acquisitions in Europe. He diversified the company to such an extent that by 1972 Conoco was worth more that $2.3 Billion in assets. On September 30, 1981, in the midst of political and economic ups and downs and a threatened hostile takeover, Conoco merged with DuPont, which resulted in the former becoming a wholly owned-subsidiary of the latter, until Conoco separated from Dupont in 1997 to become an independent oil company. ("Conoco History," 2005) It was in 1905 that the Philips brothers hit their first oil well, eventually

Strategic leadership in changing world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic leadership in changing world - Essay Example They should analyze the significant initiatives to be taken by the top leaders in the company, and integrate resources in order to create organization change. Denis, Langley and Rouleau (2010, p.67) argue that strategic leaders should change their skills through implementing unique strategies that will enable them to meet the demanding needs of an organization in today’s changing business world. Michael Porter and Gary Hamel offer varied disciplines that managers or leaders should practice in order to achieve success in the global changing business. Therefore, they have employed varied approaches to the paradox of the market and resources, but organizational circumstances or the changing business world affects the choice of strategic leaders when employing their approaches. Porter and Hamel offer varied approaches that strategic leaders should follow, but some of their approaches would affect the choice of strategic decisions because of the ever-changing business environment. One of the approaches employed is the industrial organization in achieving a competitive advantage in a business entity. Hamel, the American economist in management came up with a core competency management concept in order to achieve a competitive advantage. This concept takes varied forms including technical matter of knowhow and close relationship with clients. It also takes into consideration product development or cultural aspects through employee dedication towards creating a successful business environment. The core competency strengthens the industrial relation with other organization and offers fundamental basis for adding value to products. Moreover, Hamel emphasizes that the core competency should enable strategic leaders to employ asset of effective skills or design techniques in order to deliver value to their clients. However, the core competency may affect the deliberate decision of leaders in the current business setting. This is because many companies are nowadays e mploying customer value approach as a way of achieving a competitive advantage. They emphasize on creating product value that satisfies the needs of customers; thus enabling them to become leaders in the global market (Pongsakornrungsilp and Schroeder 2011, 319). Hamel emphasize that the core competencies contributes to the advancement of worth products that meet the needs of customers. The core competency is effective because it is developed continuously with varied organizational improvements overtime. Hamel further use the industry organization approaches in explaining the way strategic leaders can achieve the core competency. The industrial organization method is a based on the financial theory, which deals with competition, distribution of resources and economies of scale issues. The hypotheses behind these  approaches are the rationality  aspects,  profit maximization and  self-discipline behaviors in the work environment. This approach is essential because leaders in the current changing business environment should understand the core competency in an industry. They should predict the future challenges and business opportunities in order to help them stay top in any varying business situations. Hamel reveals that the core competencies are developed through constant changes of brands in order to meet the demanding needs of customers in the changing business world. Therefore, in order for organizations to succeed in the emerging global market economy, they should create the core competen

To what extent do you agree with free market economies being more Essay - 4

To what extent do you agree with free market economies being more effective than a mixed economy - Essay Example This is because governments will always want to intervene in a market, by imposing taxes for purposes of raising revenue and protecting their markets (Clarke, 2009). There is also another form of a market system referred to as the mixed market economy. A mixed economy has some elements whereby the forces of demand and supply play a role in regulating the prices of commodities, at the same time; the government has some interference with the affairs of the market (Clarke, 2009). This is through taxes and subsidies. In as much as the mixed economy was developed to solve the problems of a free market economy, it is important to denote that a free market economy is still a good form of market structure as compared to a mixed economy. The reason as to why a free market economy is better than a mixed economy is based on the fact that the market is very competitive. Companies, in their bid to attract customers and make sales, will resort to the production of high quality products and services. These companies are concerned with satisfaction of the various needs of their customers, and on this basis, the opinions of customers will be used to produce services and products for purposes of satisfying the needs of customers (Romero, 2003). On the other hand, companies operating in a mixed economy cannot effectively achieve efficiency in providing services and products without increasing their costs. This is because their prices and financial activities are regulated by the various taxes that governments charge. The costs of improving these services will in turn pass over to the customers of the organization. On the other hand, companies in a free market economy would not need to increase their prices, for purposes of adding value to their products. This is because they know that other companies will take advantage of these increases in price, and take over some of their customers (Romero, 2003). It is also cheaper to

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay The religious group is chose was Jehovah’s Witnesses. I did some online research and also asked my children’s Foster Mother, Regina Metzger the questions. I wanted to see what the differences of what I found online and what she said the beliefs were. So this is a mixture of what I got from my online sources and what she said. Jehovah’s Witnesses differ from other religious groups because they believe that their entire bible is the inspired word of god, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold to their bible as the standard for all their beliefs. Based on their bible, they believe that Jesus Christ is son of god, the first of god’s creations, that he had a pre-human existence and that his life was transformed from heaven to the womb of a virgin. They believe that god’s kingdom is the only hope for mankind. They are many different nationalities. They have no prejudices against any race or color. Their worship is through prayer, meetings and telling others about their bible. They believe that their bible is the inspired word of God, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold their bible as the standard. The experience of the Jehovah’s Witnesses that other religious groups do not share is that they are viewed with moral standards that coincide with their bible. They are law abiding citizens that respect authority. They show, what they believe is, genuine Christian love to their neighbors. For example, let’s say there are two girls. One of which is a Jehovah Witness and one that is not. They both were asked to spit on the American Flag. In this situation, the Jehovah’s Witness won’t and the other would. One might ask â€Å"Why don’t you spit on the flag even though you don’t solute it? The answer from the Johana’s Witness would be simply, â€Å"I don’t pledge my allegiance to the flag, but I wouldn’t disrespect it either. † They are neutral. Jehovah’s Witnesses contribute to the American Culture because they feel they are the advocates of their God’s kingdom. They are not of the political, economic, or social system of any nation of the old world. They did have their modern day start in the United States. They do pay taxes, which means they work regular jobs just like any other person. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not interfere with what others do about sharing in patriotic ceremonies. Like, sharing in the armed forces and joining a political party or even voting. They worship their god only. They believe that if Christians under one nation go to war against another nation they would be fighting against fellow believers. They believe that fighting against the same people who prayed for help to the same god is wrong. That is why they won’t go to war and will serve time in jail or prison to avoid killing their Christian brothers and sisters. However they are not afraid to die for their faith. If they are threatened with death or to renounce their faith, they will die for what they believe in. I know that before my children went into foster care I had limited information on what Jehovah’s Witnesses were all about. I was under the impression that they only went house to house on Saturdays knocking on doors. I thought they were annoying. Feeling like everywhere I went I was approached by one saying that they are the only true word of God, when I thought my god was. I learned quickly that everyone has a different idea of what their God was. Jehovah’s witnesses have been known to not celebrate holidays like birthdays, Christmas, or thanksgiving. I would use their religion as a type of threat toward my children saying â€Å"If you don’t knock it off we will become Jehovah’s Witness and then you won’t get presents during birthdays or holidays. † Since, my children are in a home with this as the main religion and belief system, I feel like I should apologize to them because I must have sounded like a bigot. I think that the discrimination and stereotyping that Jehovah’s Witnesses experience comes from a lack of understanding by anyone of a different belief. I think that what I have learned about this religious group did help me nderstand it. It helped me to realize that Jehovah’s Witnesses, like any other religion, just want to show everyone that what they believe is not bad. They want to show what their religion means. They want the same as others do, the belief that you can be saved by a god. The racial/ethnic group that I chose is the Pacific Islanders. I chose this group because I don’t know nothing about it. I think getting information on this group will be extremely interesting. Pacific Islanders are from many different places. American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Mariana Islands, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, and the Independent State of Western Samoa. (http://www. pica-org. org/websurf/websurf. html). In 2011 there were approximately 1,371,564 Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders who live within the United States. They significantly reside in California, Washington, Utah, Texas, New York, Texas, and Florida. They make up about . % of the U. S. Population (http://minorityhealth. hhs. gov/templates/browse. aspx? lvl=2lvlID=71) On May 29, 2013 President Obama spoke about AAPI (Asian-American and Pacific Islander) Heritage Month. (http://www. whitehouse. gov/administration/eop/aapi/blog) I thought that was very interesting. He talked about his Pacific Islander ethnic background. He said: â€Å"We value these voices because from the very beginning, ours has been a nation of immigrants; a nation challenged and shaped and push ever forward by diverse perspectives and fresh thinking. And in order to keep our edge and stay ahead in the global race, we need to figure out a way to fix our broken immigration system-to welcome that infusion of newness, while still maintaining the enduring strength of our laws. And the service and the leadership of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have proved that point in time and again. † Listening to him give a speech about the greatness of Pacific Islanders made me appreciate that ethnic group even more. Pacific Islanders speak over 100 different languages and come from more than 56 ethnic groups. (http://www. cdc. ov/features/aapiheritagemonth/). They are parts of many different religions. Like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Growing up in my church there were many Pacific Islanders members of our church. I can remember many of them having big families with many children. The Pacific Islanders do many things to contribute to American Culture. They contribute by working jobs. 7. 4 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are employed in the United States. They make up 5. 3% of the total workforce in the United States. About 300,000 workers are Pacific Islanders. (http://www. cepr. net/index. hp/publications/reports/diversity-and-change July 2011, Hye Jin Rho, John Schmitt, Nicole Woo, Lucia Lin and Kent Wong) Like many other cultures, they bring their delicious foods. They have a multitude of food from different countries. They bring that all to the table here in the United States. Although some of them have changed their diets to a more of an American way of eating, some still eat the foods of their lands. Throughout history, there has been many instances of racism and sexism toward Pacific Islanders in the United States Pacific Islanders continue to face oppression, racism, and discrimination in the United States. Since Pacific Islanders have a higher rate of diabetes they were charged higher rates for health insurance. The Affordable Care Act Will be a very good change for Pacific Islanders. They are known to suffer from higher rates of all types of circular diseases like, stroke, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. They also have the highest rates of obesity. The Affordable Care Act will change it so that it will be easier to get health care for them. Some states have had an English-only type of initiative. They seem to be for people who only speak English. I had no idea they were even allowed by law. It seems as though that people find ways to discriminate even with the laws that have been put in place. Just because some people cannot speak any other language, besides English. For them everything needs to be in English and no other language. About a century before, European-Americans did not allow people who didn’t speak English to learn English because they were afraid that they would become a minority. They were afraid of being â€Å"out-smarted† by others. They didn’t want to have to compete for fear of losing. I don’t believe this is fair. That is why I am glad there are some many laws coming into effect as well as more to come to make this country an even better place. (http://aspe. hhs. gov/health/reports/2012/ACAAsianAmericansPacificIslanders/rb. shtml) Most European Americans have discriminated against Pacific Islanders because they didn’t know English. The European Americans were afraid that if the Pacific Islanders learned English they would exceed them in many ways. They would become the minority. Many of the European Americans were believed to be threatened by this. I think I now have a better understanding of what it is like to be a Pacific Islander. The discrimination they have faced has seemed to make them a stronger people. I am happy to have them as part of my country. In conclusion, both Jehovah’s Witnesses and The Pacific Islander, people have experienced a discrimination that seems to have happened because of people who do not understand what they go through daily. They both seem to succeed in their lives because of the discrimination they have experienced. The Jehovah’s Witnesses hold up to their beliefs like the Pacific Islanders stand strong with their ethnic background. They are different because one is a religion and one is an ethnic group. An ethnic group is a group of people who have the same customs or origin. A religion is a belief in a god or a group of gods. I think that both the Pacific Islanders and the Jehovah’s Witnesses get discriminated against because of a lack of understanding.

The internationalization of IKEA into China

The internationalization of IKEA into China Introduction When dealing with international marketing is one of the key points you should consider whether the product or marketing to be standardized or adapted to each local market. The question is one of the most debated in the international marketing literature by authors such as (XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX). The focal point of this task is the issue between standardization and adaptation in the international campaign. First reviewed a theoretical perspective on the issue, based on Levitts controversial and much omdoskiterede article from XXXXX, XXXXX, followed by an outline of the criticism has been against Levitt and the whole theory about standardization. A critical evaluation of the whole issue of standardizing versus adaptation follows then And finally rounded off with conclusions and further reading. Teoretiske koncepter standadisering versus adaption According to Levitt the most radical of the proponents of standardization thinking there is much in favor of a standardization strategy. In Theodore Levitts article from 1983 (FIND XXXX Overview about Globalization Thoughts Fra pdf med GlobaliseringXXXXX), where he discusses the globalization of markets and the standardization of products and production processes, Levitt stated, Only global companies will achieve long-term success by concentrating on what everyone wants in rather than worrying about the details of what everyone thinks they like His basic idea was to show the need for standardization in industry processes and products to be able to increase the relative quality of falling costs and so the price per item . This idea was founded by awareness of globalization and the coupled development of subsequent homogenization of consumers and their needs. In his book from 1995 The Globalization of Markets in Global Marketing Management. Cases and Readings Levitt argues, first, that markets the world over converge and as a follow consumer preferences worldwide becoming more more uniform. A global demand pattern emerges which can be satisfied through a global and standardized XXXXXudbudXXXXX. Second, a standardization of products and marketing provides an opportunity to achieve economies of scale in production and lower costs. This leads to low price of the products thus freeing resources to product development. Standardization implies that you refrain from accommodating local preferences, and instead concentrate on developing the core qualities of the product. Whatever the preferences in a given time might be for a local custom product, consumers will end up prefer global, standardized products, because of their basic quality and cheap price. If companies want to succeed in the global competition, they should assume that the needs arou nd the world are basically alike. Theodore Levits article in Harvard Business Review in 1983, XXXXX The Globalization of Markets XXXXX since it was created was one of the most controversial marketing hypotheses. Most of the discussion has gone on the accuracy of the Levite central idea, namely that the most successful, future business strategy will be the completely standardized, which takes no account of what is regarded as superficial differences between world markets. Rather than being paralyzed by differences in individual markets to develop global business opportunities to see the similarities between consumers across various markets. Faced with this view highlights the supporters of an increased focus on locating and individual market adjustment that supporters of globalization, including working from an unrealistic understanding of globalization pace where the marketing function apparently globalizing at a faster pace than the consumers, it postulates that turn tilXXXXX Usunier, Jean-Claude, 1997: Marketing Across Cultures, Prentice Hall XXXXX The cultural differences between markets are weighted more heavily than the proponents of globalization expresses particular in connection with marketing communication. The differences between markets outweigh the similarities. Nobody and nothing is solved culture. Both products and consumers should be seen and understood in their cultural context XXXXX Mooij, Marieke those, 1998: Global Marketing and A dvertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes, Sage. XXXXX . For example, the companys marketing communication contains a number of standardization immediately obvious benefits of resource characteristics. The idea of one global theme for the companys marketing communication is tempting, but may pose a risk to cultural and linguistic differences between the markets examined. Several brands have thus different image to different markets. Thus connected instance Honda with properties like reliability and quality in the U.S. while the Japanese market, where these properties are considered self-evident, see Honda as an expression of speed, youth and energy XXXXX Aaker, David A. and Joachimsthaler, Erich, The Lure of Global Branding , Harvard Business Review, Vol 77, No. 2, 1999. XXXXX A sales argument would not necessarily have the same appeal in all markets, simply because the text is translated into the language market. Theories that argue against Levitts thoughts on globalization illustrate that standards in general do not meet consumer needs and lifestyles. These theories imply that consumers are becoming more diverse globally, which means that products and services must change with the adjustment and use of standards in the direction of regional segments. The critics of global marketing mean that cultural, political, and economic differences in different countries call for an adaption to local markets XXXXX (Boddewyn, Soehl and Picard 1986; Hill and Still 1984; Quelch and Hoff 1986; Sorenson and Wiechmann 1975; Wind 1986). XXXXX The thought of standadisation is an oversimplification of reality. There are variations between different countries in terms of consumer needs, purchasing power, commercial infrastructure, culture and traditions, laws and regulations, and technological progress. These factors are still to different from country to country so its necessary to adjust the marketing strategy for each market XXXXX (Terpstra Sarathy, 2000) (Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy: an integrative assessment of the empirical research)). XXXXX Common to the authors, highlighting the limitations of standardization strategy is that they point to the cultural differences as one of the key barriers to a standardization strategy. The key concept that has been used to describe the importance of culture in marketing strategy is cultural bind. This suggests that products can be more or less tied to the cultures they consumed, and that the degree of cultural bonding determines whether they can be standardized or not. Food and clothing should therefore be strongly culture-bound products, which are difficult to standardize, while industrial goods are kulturfri, and therefore easier to standardize. In between you place the consumer durables, which more than kulturfri eg food but more culture bound than industrial goods XXXXX (Usunier 1993). XXXXX The classic debate on standardization versus adaptation is increasingly proving to be based on some outdated terms. Culture is the habits and ways of thinking, we take for granted. This is also the understanding of culture that underlie the traditional debate on the Levites point: to what extent can something fit into the existing culture. This papers argument is that it is not so much a question of whether the market is (or marketing) is substantially different from the culture, it must fit in. What matters is rather whether it can operate in different discourses on cultural identity in local markets. Cultural Understanding yesterday to predict the problems and potential misunderstandings arising from different cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, the fundamental question of the relationship between marketing and culture in this perspective, to what extent an individual, current marketing strategy or tactic is applicable in another cultural context. The main problem with the Levites argument is that the globalization process basic viewed as driven by demand. This is summarized in the following lines: The uniformity of preferences will inevitably lead to standardization of products of industrial and commercial and business enterprises XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June) , 92-102. pp 93, XXXXX. But, as we have seen, there is both a strong tendency towards standardization and perhaps even more likely that globalization is carried forward by competitive supply rather than demand side, and that those in each case are not independent of each other. This has opened Levits argument for a critique from various scientists, whereas Levits lack of understanding of the concept of culture and persistent cultural differences in the globalizing world. Yet other theorists XXXXX Robertson, Roland (1992), Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage. XXXXX Robertson, Roland (1995), Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity, M. Featherstone, S. Lash R. Robertson, eds, Global Modernities, London: Sage, 25-44. XXXXX has tried to move beyond this dichotomous debate a counterpart to the debate that has been conveyed in marketing literature on standardized or customized wine promotion (see Wind Douglas comment XXXXX Wind, Yoram and Susan P. Douglas (1988), The Myth of Globalization , Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol 12 (Winter). XXXXX to Levite thesis). Here it is suggested that you talk about glocalisation since both homogenizing (globalizing) and heterogeniserende (localising) processes is an essential part of globalization. Robertson emphasizes this when he sees the local (and location) as a fundamental rather than a conflicting part of globalization. Thus in one sense, such as Levitt argues a homogenization of demand but it is a demand for differences rather than according to uniform, standardized Western products. Levite mistake is to have considered culture as something that exists independently of the market, an external factor, whose consequences (special preferences, etc.) could and would be overcome by so-called objective product qualities. Rather, it shows above that culture is something that is demanded and also very much created the market. In the following we will therefore argue that culture is not such a market external factor, but something that is reflexive. This means that culture is not something that can be taken for granted as if it had an unchanging essence Critical assessment XXXXXXX Contingency Theory: from Product and Promotion adaption in Export Ventures XXXXXXX The term globalization is the last decade become one of the most used and abused buzzword. Just within the marketing area is the concept of globalization somewhat more advanced in years, since it was used by a discipline of great old masters in a seminal article as long as 20 years ago. We refer of course to Theodore Levits article in Harvard Business Review in 1983, The Globalization of Markets XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. XXXXX This has since been one of the most controversial marketing hypotheses. Most of the discussion has gone on the accuracy of the Levite central idea, namely that the most successful, future business strategy will be the completely standardized, which takes no account of what is regarded as superficial differences between world markets. XXXXX Bauman, Zygmunt (1999), Culture as Praxis, 2nd edition, London: Sage XXXXX Levite argument is the idea that companies can gain competitive advantage by exploiting economies of scale XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. pp 92]. XXXXX On the one hand it is true that globalization leads to new market conditions, where such is impossible for companies to sit international market development ignored, though they only operate domestically. On the other hand, it has demonstrated how local companies can push their global competitors precisely by emphasizing their local roots. The fact that the local should be a quality in itself, completely overlooked by Levitt XXXXX Ger, Gà ¼liz and Russell W. Belk (1996), Id Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumption-scapes of the Less Affluent World , Journal of Consumer Policy, 19 (3), 1-34. XXXXX The usual argument for standardization is still out on that brand names and products have a defined meaning which affects the customer when he / she meets these products or brands. But as so aptly demonstrated, is even Coca-Cola (king of global brands) importance universe subject to local interpretations. And even Coca-Colas management has said it is a multi-local rather than a global product XXXXXAskegaard, Soren Fabian Csaba (2001), The Good, the Bad and the Jolly: Taste, Image and Symbolic Resistance To The Coca-Colonization of New Zealand , S. Brown A. Patterson, eds, Imagining Marketing, London: Routledge, 124-140 .. XXXXX also express statement that Coca-Cola is welcomed by alle XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. pp 93, a XXXXX oversight of the global on Coca-Cola are both preference for and resistance to brand as expressed through the concept of Coca-Colonization which conceals the fact that the American / western lifestyle brand represents, not welcomed by everyone. Neither or Stadardisation and adaption à ¤r tvà ¥ Extremes in marketing. I sin article Kelloggs Internationalisation versus globaliseringen of the marketing mix (2001) Claudio Vignali cites Terpstra, V. and Sarathy, R. (1994) for writing att nà ¤r adopting a helt localized marketing strategy only coincidental ligheder EXIST. Completely standardised marketing is identical in all markets. Neither extreme in Usually used. I wish to give some examples of how various multinational companies engaged in or have used the global market. The examples are taken from international journals, and gives each of them an insight into situations that underpins kompleksitetetn in a global markedsfà ¦rinbgs maneuver. First beskrivesd viorksomheder and products briefly, then Objectives, Strategies, and challenges etableret and encounters and Endelig the responses, resultater, og er rekommendationer Collected. The two cases chosen are, respectively, McDonalds and IKEA. These cases are particularly interesting b ecause it has two large viorksomheder whose basic concept is tight concept management and standardizing for obtaining econmicies of scale in both marketing, sales and production. These descriptions provide examples of how, despite that we have a standardization strategy must adapt to local markets because of culture. Foreign Markets: An Integrated Approach Research shows that standardization of marketing solutions determines the use of the same marketing mix in throughout the global marketplace, but standardization is often not used to companies due to differences in language, culture, consumer preferences, laws and regulations, marketing infrastructure and competition structure in various countries. Complete adaptation of marketing solutions are not suitable because in this case, companies can not use the advantages of scale economics, marketing knowledge and information acquired in other markets. But adaptation helps companies to evaluate and effectively use cultural differences foreign markets and different products, their properties and potential use. Recent research shows that changes in the global market affected by globalization has changed also solutions of international marketing: looking for a successful international performance companies do not have to choose one end, and companies that can combine multiple options to meet consumer needs in the global market and to pursue their goals more effectively. The purpose of the global m arketing strategy is to find an optimal combination of integration and rationalization of operations and settlement systems in a global market. Standardization in International Retailing: Transferring Storebrand Image Salmon and Tordjman (1989) introduced one of the most recognized classifications of international sales strategies. This classification can be viewed in terms of global / multinational strategies and the implications for standardization or adaptation of marketing activities and the seat of decision making for the international distributor. The authors define a global strategy that faithful replication of a notion abroad, which corresponds to a formula already established in the country. According to the authors, a company that has decided to choose this strategy is a homogeneous consumer audience with similar lifestyles and expectations. These companies were seen as McDonalds and IKEA. The means to achieve such a strategy is to use a standardized marketing lists. This implies that companies use a standardized or similar retail mix in each of the foreign markets they have entered. Specific product range and stor e format, services, marketing and advertising strategies, pricing policies and store layout is more or less standardized, in whatever country they operate. But as the authors note, are global retailers over the two controversies. The first is the need to adapt to local markets and thus satisfy consumer expectations, and the second is to utilize their corporate resources in order to benefit from the economies of scale derived from a standardization strategy. The authors state that the original concept or the uniqueness and distinctiveness of a product, combined with business acumen, is the competitive advantage for global retailers succeed. Besides this, these products have a long life, thus reducing the risk associated with them as fashion items. McDonalds is the world, aos largest fast-food restaurant chain. It has more than 30,000 restaurants in over 100 countries. McDonalds Corporation is the worlds largest seller of hamburgers and other fast foods. Although largely an American operation, and one of the best known American symbols, most of income from activities outside the USA. In its 2000 annual report XXXXXXXX, states that 62 percent of their annual revenue is allocated to operations outside America. This provides an interesting situation for a company that has built his empire out from doing all the food produced the same. Hamburg They have exactly the same size, the same amount of pickles are put on each bun, and milkshakes are measured with extreme precision. McDonalds business model is basically the same regardless of which country it goes to, but there are local differences, the company may face. The case of McDonalds ice dircribed pà ¥ article McDonalds: Think global, act local the marketing mix (Vignali XXXXXXXX. McDonalds expand globally mens Adjusting sina local communities. McDonalds er standadised in large scale, men de har allso adapted to the local Markets fordi of Religious Laws, Costume eller kultur. In Israel two mà ¸der Kosher Tradition Big Macs gà ¥r utan cheeseburger served two separate Meat and Diary products. In India de har serve Vegetablke McNuggets Mutton-based Maharaja Mac (Big Mac) as Hindus do not eat meat. Muslims Do Not eat pork and McDonalds ice rewarded med halal certificate att sometimes advocates total Absence of pork pà ¥ muxlim lande. In its 2000 annual report is based on three elements: A) Adding restaurants, B) Improve revenue and profit existing restaurants, and C) to improve international profitabi lity in a culturally sensitive way. This implies that a McDonalds opening in a foreign country does more than just change its menus. It adapts its operating manual for the convenience of the local franchisee. Quote from report: Maximizing sales and profits at existing restaurants will be done through better management, reinvestment, product development and refinement of effective marketing and lower development and operating costs. Improved international profitability will be realized as economies of scale are achieved in different markets, and since it is covered by the global infrastructure. .. Another case of a largely standadised company is IKEA. I artiklen A standardized approach to the world? IKEA in China,( Johannson, U. and Thelander, A., 2009), giver forfatterne et indblik i de udfordringer IKEA har haft med global markedsfà ¸ring i en casebeskrivelse af deres introduktion og markedsfà ¸ring i Kina. IKEA har med stor succes standardiseret al markedsfà ¸ring og roll out i store dele af verden, men Kina blev en speciel udfordring, hvor standadiseringskonceptet ikke var gangbar pga. markedets, isà ¦r, kulturelle forskelle. IKEA expanded to China in 1998. The main target group are women, because they were considered those who make decisions at home. IKEA believes its core customer to be around 30 years old. This target group are the generation born under the one child policy and they are believed to be impulsive, easy to influence, very social and committed to leading international consumer brands. In most countries image of IKEA is a company with low prices. In China the opposite is true. The main strategy has been to reduce prices and make the IKEA in China for the low cost concept (roughly) as known ra worldwide. IKEA stores in China is closer to town than stores in other parts of the world where they are usually located well outside city centers. In China, consumers have less access to cars and butikkernw have to be public transport routes. Nevertheless, IKEA built 700 parking spaces under a shop in Shanghai in anticipation of that shopping patterns will change. In China there is not a DIY culture Chinas consumers are using the store as social venues. For them it is a pleasant environment and a completely removed from other furnishings stores in China where you do not have permission to feel and touch the product. People in Shanghai shop may still be seen apparently sleeping in beds and on sofas and read a book with their feet on the tables. Rather than address the issue, IKEA staff hopes that these same people will later return as customers. While IKEA is often seen as a model for standardization among retailers, it is clear that it has had to make significant adjustments in China. Offers an attractive and unusual product was never alone will be enough. IKEA claims that the worst is now getting established in China, and that experience will stand it in good Instead, as it expands into other culturally-different markets. IKEA will argue that it has adapted, while remaining true to its business concept. But its experience also shows that there are limits to how far a company can go with standardization, and how far along this road consumers are willing to be taken. XXXXXStandardization / Adaptation of Marketing Solutions in Companies Operating in Foreign Markets: An Integrated ApproachXXXXXX Research shows that standardization of marketing solutions is crucial for applying the same marketing mix throughout the global marketplace, but standardization is often no use to companies because of differences in language, culture, consumer preferences, laws and regulations, marketing infrastructure and competition structure in different countries. Complete adaptation of marketing solutions is also not useful because in that case, firms can not use the benefits of scale economics, marketing knowledge and information acquired in other markets. But adaptation helps companies to evaluate and effectively use cultural differences foreign markets as well as separate products, their properties and potential use. Recent research shows that changes in the global market affected by globalization has changed also solutions of international marketing: looking for a successful international performance companies need not select one end, and companies that can combine multiple options to meet consumer needs for global market and pursue its goals more effectively. The objectives of the global marketing strategy is to find an optimal combination of integration and rationalization of operations and settlement systems in a global market. Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy: an integrative assessment of the research empirisk To overcome the above polarization, a third group of researchers offer a contingency perspective on the standardization / adaptation debate. In their view: (a) standardization or adaptation should not be viewed in isolation from each other, but as two ends of the same continuum, where the degree of corporate marketing strategy standardization / adaptation can vary between them (b) the decision to standardize or adapt marketing strategy is tailored to the specific situation and this should be the result of a thorough analysis and assessment of relevant contingency factors prevailing in a particular market at a given time and (c) the appropriateness of the chosen level of strategy standardization / adaptation shall be assessed on the basis of its impact on company performance in international markets (Quelch Hoff, 1986; Onkvisit Shaw, 1987, Jain, 1989; Cavusgil Zou, 1994) . Therefore, the challenge for the international firm is to determine what specific elements of the strategy is possible or desirable to standardize or adapt the conditions under which and to what extent. Konklusion og videre là ¦sning Konklutionen I To what extent should a consumei goods multinational corporation vary its marketing from country to countryl Konklusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Should marketers attempt to standardize their products and marketing communications so as to minimize the costs of doing business internationally? Or should they adapt their products and messages depending on the market in which they wish to operate? XXXXXInternational markedskommunikation XXXXXStandardization/Adaptation of Marketing Solutions in Companies Operating in Foreign Markets: An Integrated ApproachXXXXXX I denne artikel har vi prà ¸vet at efterkomme opfordringen til at komme ud over at  »pjaske rundt pà ¥ overfladen af sà ¸en «, nà ¥r det drejer sig om at studere relationen mellem marketing og kultur [11].Inden for marketing er indstillingen til kultur, mà ¥ske ikke overraskende, dybt forankret i den vestlige modernismes tendens til at  »Ãƒ ¦ndre forskel til essens « [20: 80]. Imidlertid minder  »skaberne « (etnoskaber, teknoskaber osv.) os om, at kultur praktiseres og konstitueres ud fra praksis [1]; [12]; [20: 81]. Endvidere bliver vi mindet om marketings rolle som et globalt system, der frembringer forskellige identitetsrum: livsstil, kultur, subkultur, etnicitet, hybridisering, kreolisering osv. I lyset af dette bliver markedsfà ¸rte varer til materielle manifestationer af ideen om kultur, af  »det kulturelle ideoskab «, som vist ved eksemplet med belizisk madkultur [36]. Dette bà ¸r ikke lede os til at forveksle và ¦sentliggà ¸relse med và ¦sen. Det er ikke, fordi mange forbrugere enten sà ¸ger efter eller har en opfattelse af deres egen faste kulturelle identitet, at vi som forskere kan konkludere, at en sà ¥dan eksisterer, og markedsanalytikere har hidtil và ¦ret tilbà ¸jelige til at ignorere de indviklede forhold, der gà ¦lder inden for kulturelle udviklingsprocesser.  »Sà ¥ là ¦nge kulturel mangfoldighed bliver forstà ¥et som en mangfoldighed af kulturer, kan kulturstuderende kun se tvà ¦rkulturel kommunikation og tvà ¦rkulturel sammenligning som et af deres centrale problemer « [6: xlv] . For et marketing- og forbrugerforskningsmiljà ¸, der interesserer sig for den kulturelle dimension i international marketing, betyder dette, at komparativ analyse ikke là ¦ngere er det mest indlysende mà ¥l for forskningsaktiviteter, men snarere et udgangspunkt. Kultur, snarere end en forklarende struktur af và ¦sentlige trà ¦k, bliver et paradigme, pà ¥ basis af hvilket marketingpraktikeres og forbrugeres praksis og tilgang fà ¥r betydning for forskerne. Kultur er ikke et studieobjekt, men et nà ¸dvendigt perspektiv for at fà ¥ indsigt i det menneskelige samfunds struktur og forandringsprocesser. Referencer

Helen Keller: Author, Lecturer, Political Activist Essay -- Biography,

Helen Keller is one of the most inspirational people in American history. She had to overcome physical disabilities and many other obstacles to live the life that she did. Keller was born on June 27, 1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her parents, Arthur Keller and Kate Adams, both served for the Confederates in the Civil War (Thompson, 2003). Like most parents, they were ecstatic when Keller was born. At 18 months old, she was a happy, healthy baby already learning to say her first few words. However, one morning, she woke up with an extremely high fever and had to go to the hospital. The doctor told her parents she had a serious illness know as â€Å"acute congestion of the stomach and brain.† This illness caused her to lose her sight and hearing for the rest of her life (Wilkie, 1969). She was unable to communicate with anyone and was shut off from the entire world. For years, Keller would just hang on to her mother’s skirt to get around and feel of people’s hands to try to find out what they were doing. She learned to do quite a few things this way including milk a cow and knead the dough bread. She learned to recognize people by feeling their face and clothes. By the age of six, Keller had made up 60 different signs to communicate with her family (Keller, 1988). She was a bright child, but she started getting frustrated and angry that she could not talk and began throwing temper tantrums. The family knew they had to do something to help the child, so they began looking for a teacher. In March of 1886, 21 year old Anne Sullivan arrived at the Keller’s house; she immediately began teaching Keller how to communicate by spelling letters into her hand. A month after Sullivan arrived, Keller had a big breakthrough in c... ...to the National Statuary Hall Collection (Wilkie, 1992). Keller has even had multiple films made of her life story. Keller was an author, lecturer, political activist, and an individual that many Americans will never forget. She conquered multiple obstacles and rose above her disabilities to gain international fame. Her dedication allowed her to help other disabled people live fuller lives. The struggles she had to overcome prove to people that if they put their mind to it, they can accomplish anything. Works Cited Forrest, Ellen. Helen Keller. Tucson: Learning Page, 2005. Print. Keller, Helen. The Story of My Life. New York: Bantam Dell, 1988. Thompson, Gare, and Nancy Harrison. Who Was Helen Keller? New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 2003. Print. Wilkie, Katharine E. Helen Keller: From Tragedy to Triumph. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1969.

Scope of Practice

Scope of Practice according to the free dictionary is the range of responsibility of patients or caseload and practice guidelines that determine the boundaries within which a physician, or other professional, practices. The basic is that these guidelines tell that particular practitioner how far they can go when it comes to medical care and treatment. According to the law in all states, a Medical Assistant must have the supervising doctor, or a licensed practitioner, present, on the floor or in the building before a MA can provide any type of direct care/procedures to a patient (2011). MA is allowed to do whatever they were hired to do. Doctors and nurses often times don’t know how to use their MAs, they main responsibilities are in their job description when they were hired. Each office that an MA may work in could have some different procedures to do. Your job as an MA maybe to administer immunizations for injections, or to file all medical charts when they are completed, whatever your job is, it should be clearly spelled out for you. They must also outline what a MA can not do, such as making any independent medical assessment, triage patients, dispense medication or samples without direct orders, and giving out your own personal medical advice (2011). The employer who usually is the doctor assumes responsibility of the MA and they have to determine each MA’s scope of practice, by determining their skill levels. Most states don’t have laws that specifically address the responsibilities and duties of a Medical Assistant. This doesn’t say that no rules apply to them but since they are an extension of the do0)ctor then they are more than likely to follow the laws of the State Medical Board.

12 Angry Men Prejudice Essay Essay

What is Justice? Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics; rationality, law, religion or fairness, as well as taking into account the inborn rights of all human beings and citizens, the right of all people and individuals to equal protection before the law of their civil rights, without discrimination. Justice is one of the great concerns of humankind. It is something for which people over centuries have been willing to struggle and even die. Examples of Justice are novels 12 Angry Men and The Green Mile. 2 Angry Men is a novel written by Reginald Rose in 1955. The story takes place in 1957 in the jury-room of a New York Court of Law. It is about a young delinquent who is on trial for the murder of his aggressive farther. Eleven jurors are directed by the judge to gather on a hot afternoon to declare if there is any reasonable doubt as to why the boy is not guilty. One, even though far from convinced of the boy’s innocence, feels that some of the evidence against him is ambiguous. By the end of the day that juror has reversed opinions of all eleven jurors. Prejudice: There are many significant views and values that Reginald Rose demonstrates in 12 Angry Men the most important one being that prejudice constantly affects the truth and peoples judgement. As the jurors argue between themselves as to whether a young boy is guilty of stabbing his father it is shown that â€Å"It’s very hard to keep personal prejudice out of a thing like this. † This is most evident in the way juror #3 and juror #10 come to their decision that the young man is guilty as they bring in there prejudice against young people and people from the slums to make their judgement without considering the facts of the case. Rose uses juror #8 who can see the whole trial because he is calm, reasonable and brings no prejudice as a prime example of what a juror is supposed to be like. Juror #10 is the character who brings in the most prejudice to the jury room as he has formed his decision from the moment he saw the young boy and sees no reason for him to waste any time debating on whether the defendant is guilty. His prejudice comes from the fact he used to live in the â€Å"slums† and consider people like the defendant to be trash. This is established when he states â€Å"you can’t believe a word they say†¦they act different†¦ they don’t need any big excuse to kill someone. † Juror #10 never really considers the facts of the case only using them as a pretext to vote guilty and to leave early. When he found it too difficult to change people’s opinions he simply gave up and voted not guilty. â€Å"I couldn’t care less†. This shows just how little he cared for the defendant’s life and the jury system unlike juror #3 who deeply cared about the jury system and the case.

Poverty no longer exists in Britain today

There is an argument that poverty no longer exists in Britain today. Many people would say that the days when people died from lack of food, shelter or clean water ended, in this country, with the introduction of the welfare state (Chinn, 1995). Poverty, however, can be defined in two ways and depending on which definition one chooses to employ, it can be contested whether the balance of evidence shows that poverty actually does exist or not. In this piece of work it will be argued that poverty does affect many people in our society and the lack of resources of poorer people in society is at the root of inequalities in health. Furthermore it will be shown that the discrepancy between the standards of living that better off people in society enjoy and the standards of living that poorer people endure can be something that is very difficult to alter. In conclusion there will be a discussion on the role that social care professionals may play in trying to reduce the negative effects suffered by some people as a result of poverty. The first of the two identified forms of poverty is absolute or â€Å"subsistence level poverty† (Thompson and Priestly, 1996: 207). Income falls below a set level so that a person does not have the means to be able to secure the basic necessities for living, in terms of food, drink, shelter and clothing. Stephens et al (1998) argue that for some people in society, like rough sleepers, poverty in absolute terms is very real and that when older people die from hypothermia because they can't afford to heat their homes adequately it is as a result of absolute poverty. Poverty in this sense however has certainly diminished since the advent of the Welfare State. The second definition of poverty, relative poverty, is defined in terms of a ‘reasonable' standard of living generally expected by the society in which a person lives. It identifies ‘needs' as more than basic biological requirements, taking into account social and emotional needs. It is also about being excluded from taking part in activities which are widely undertaken by the rest of society. In terms of resources, relative poverty is a higher standard of living than absolute poverty but it could be argued that many things that are not strictly essential for life nevertheless could be deemed as necessities by society in general. Thus whether you adhere to an absolutist or relativist definition of it, it is clear that there are certain people in society who suffer from poverty. Modern research into poverty combines both classifications. Stevens et al (1988: 266) maintain: â€Å"it's important to capitalise on the advantages of both definitions†. There have been several pieces of well-documented research into health inequalities, both by successive governments and independent bodies, for example, The Black Report in 1980; Margaret Whitehead's ‘The health divide' in 1987 (Stephens et al, 1998) and most recently the Acheson Report in 1998. This research underlines the correlation between poverty and ill health and the disparity that exists, depending on social class. Measurements and comparisons are made in terms of morbidity and in terms of mortality. Research shows that if a person is born into poverty his/her chances of suffering ill health and a shortened life span are greater than if he/she was born into prosperity. Some of the most recent research has shown, for example that children in social class five (where five represents the least well off and one represents the most well off) are five times as likely to suffer accidental death than their peers from social class one (Roberts I. Power C, 1996). Further studies show that a baby boy from social class one can be expected to live for more than nine years longer than a baby boy from social class five (Office for National Statistics, 1998). The British Medical Journal (1999) states â€Å"Social class differences in health are seen at all ages, with lower socio-economic groups having the greater incidence of heart disease, stroke and some cancers†. The rate of pre-natal mortality is hi gher for women from lower socio-economic groups. A poorer person is more likely to die in infancy, more likely to suffer ill health, as a child and as an adult, and more likely to die prematurely than someone who has greater access to resources. It has been stated that â€Å"the most significant factor [affecting health] in poverty is†¦ the fact that poor people are denied access to possessions and services that are available to their better-off peers† (Moore, 1997). This could include: preventative medicine, early treatment when sick, a healthy diet, access to ‘keep fit' leisure activities. Other factors which could have a detrimental effect on poorer people could include things like poorly maintained housing, stress related illness and smoking, which is more prevalent among lower income groups (Office for National Statistics, 1998). Explanations for poverty tend to fall into two categories. There are individualistic explanations for poverty. That people who are in relative poverty are so because they are in some way lazy, irresponsible or ‘feckless' and they could help themselves to escape poverty if they really wanted to. Some people vocalise this way of thinking by, for example, telling the unemployed to ‘get on their bikes' and find work. This type of argument can, and often is, applied to any ‘inappropriate' or ‘wasteful' use of resources for example, by criticising people for wanting to dress their children in more expensive clothes, or by condemning women for the number of children they choose to have. Another common reaction when confronted with arguments about poverty is to be reproachful when someone chooses to smoke instead of ‘spending their money wisely'. These arguments however fail to take into account the way that society is structured and the effects that this has on people's life chances. There is an element of victim blaming and consideration is not given to the fact that some people have far more power than others to alter aspects of their lives. Structural, as opposed to individualistic, explanations focus on â€Å"the political, economic and material environment in which people find themselves† (Howe, 1997: 173). A person who is born into poverty is more likely to stay poor and their children are likely to be poor. In this way a life or poverty can be a self-perpetuating cycle of deprivation which people have very little power to change. This deprivation is exacerbated by the fact that it can be combined with other inequalities, such as those based on gender, ethnicity, and age. The fact that some people suffer from multiple disadvantages is attributable to structural inequality, which is inherent in our society. Anatole France wrote: â€Å"The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread. France (1894). Clearly there is no need for wealthier people ‘to sleep under bridges' whereas there may be a justification or even a necessity for a homeless person to do it. The concept of a society where everyone has the same opportunities and all are equal is a fallacy when viewed from a structural perspective. This does not however mean that people are absolutely powerless to help themselves and assumptions sho uld not be made that because someone is in poverty they will necessarily need the help of social care professionals. People can often make changes to make their lives better, to suggest otherwise would be to disempower people. Social care professionals should be aware of the effects of poverty and the relative powerlessness of some people but not to such an extent that the power imbalance is made greater by the workers inability to treat the client as an individual. Anti-oppressive practice is â€Å"a form of social work that addresses social divisions and structural inequalities †¦ by responding to people's needs regardless of their social states† Dominelli (1993). This argument is further developed by Dalrymple and Burke (1995) when they talk about giving the client access to records so that any information is shared. Ensuring inclusion and consultation can lessen the power imbalance between social care worker and client. Government policy is geared to combating inequalities, in light of the findings of the Acheson Report. In particular it recognises the needs of those who may have multiple disadvantages, for example women, children, people with disabilities, older people and people from ethnic minority groups. Social care workers should have an awareness of combined inequalities and should have a commitment to reduce them. â€Å"Many social workers invest considerable efforts to maximise the welfare benefits of their clients and search through charitable resources to alleviate some of their acute hardships† (Jones, 1997: 121). Social care workers can work in partnership with other agencies to ensure that they refer people to organisations who are able to help, when it is not within the social carer's remit. For example, referrals could be made to: agencies who advise on health matters, or work to increase benefits, or help people back into work, or give advice on housing matters. â€Å"The best way to get rid of poverty – absolute or relative – is to forge a more genuinely equal society† Stephens et al (1998: 258). This is something that is beyond the capabilities of any one profession. In conclusion, social care workers can help to reduce the negative effects of poverty to a certain extent but, for any major improvements to be made, there needs to be a radical change (through governmental policy) in the distribution of both power and wealth.